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NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Nervous System Overview
2. The Neuron
3. Reflex Arc
4. The Action Potential
5. The Synapse / Neurotransmitters
6. Nervous System Diseases
7. Drugs
8. PNS
9. CNS
10. The Brain
General Functions
Reception
2. Conduction
3. Interpretation and Organization
1.
4. Transmission
The nervous systems main function is to
maintain homeostasis: a maintenance of the
internal environment i.e. pH, body temp,
glucose levels, BP, water levels, etc
All
matter
Myelinated nerves in the brain are called white
matter
Neuron
structure
Nerves
Individual
Nerves
Area
Reflex Arc
automatic,
does
allows
Stretch
Reflex
Action Potential
A nerve
Potential
1.
Resting
Potential
Polarization: voltage difference of -70mV across a nerve cell
membrane
caused
also
Result:
2. Stimulation / Depolarization
A threshold
membrane
3. Re-polarization
After
change
Restores
4. Refractory period
resting
Propagation
Saltatory Action
The Synapse
Terminal
Axon
membrane membrane
found at the synaptic ending of the neuron
sending information
Post-synaptic
membrane- membrane
found at the dendrite of the neuron
receiving information
Synaptic
Neurotransmitters
1. excitatory neurotransmitters cause
the opening of Na+ channels to cause
depolarization
to release neurotransmitters
A response
Ex)
Cholinesteras
e
Dopamine
Monoamine
oxidase
enzyme
Serotonin
Monoamine
oxidase
enzyme
Nor-epinephrine
GABA
Removing Neurotransmitters
To be effective, the NTs must NOT linger around
in the gap, other wise successive impulses will
occur. NTs are removed from the gap by:
1. Degradation by enzymes in the synaptic cleft
2. Re-uptake by the pre-synaptic membrane
3. Diffusion out of the synaptic cleft
4. Inability to bind due to competitive inhibitors
Stimulant
mimics neurotransmitter,
decreases rate of breakdown of
neurotransmitter or increases release
of neurotransmitter
Depressant
Alcohol:
- depressant
-seems to enhance GABA
-leads to lack of coordinated response, and
loss of normal social inhibitions.
-may also weaken the effect of glutamine, an
excitatory neurotransmitter, leading to
sluggishness and lack of co-ordination.
Close to Home Animation: Alcohol
Marijuana:
- a depressant and hallucinogen
-acts on the canniboid receptors of the brain that
affect concentration, perception and movement.
-may have an impact on the activity of seratonin,
GABA and norepinephrine in the brain
not
Cocaine:
-a stimulant
-blocks the re-uptake of dopamine, causing an
adrenaline like effect from the dopamine
-as dopamine levels increase in the synapse,
the body produces less, thus making cocaine
very physically addicting
Close to Home Animation: Cocaine
Crystal meth:
-a stimulant
-passes directly through neuron
membranes and causes excessive release
of dopamine
-leads to feelings of euphoria, psychosis,
delusions and extreme aggressiveness.
Ecstasy:
- a stimulant and hallucinogen
-affects neurons in the brain by causing an
over-production of serotonin.
-creates shorter feelings of pleasure,
however use can result in brain damage,
and cardiac arrest.
Stroke:
Chemical Warfare
1)
2)
The
Spinal Cord
Made of 31 segments
Protected by the vertebrae
Spinal Cord
Central
White
Grey
cells
Spinal Cord
Dorsal
Ventral
Meninges
3 protective membranes
surrounding the spinal cord and brain
(dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
Meningitis
is an infection of the
meninges (A spinal tap is a needle that
is inserted between 2 vertebrates into
the meninges to check for meningitis)
Cerebrospinal
exchange, etc.
Spinal Cord
2.
The Brain
Medulla
oblongata controls
heartbeat, respiration, blood pressure,
reflex center for vomiting, sneezing,
hiccupping, coughing and swallowing
Pons
Cerebrum
Temporal
Lobe hearing
Parietal
Occipital
Lobe vision
Olfactory
Lobe smell
Pituitary
Corpus Callosum
Bundle of nerves that connects the
two halves of the brain
allows for integrated thoughts and
coordinated responses
dominant
Right brain spatial, artistic, visual
dominant
EEG-Electroencephalography
- electrodes placed on the scalp detect and
measure patterns of electrical activity
from the brain.
Spinal
Dorsal
Ventral
neurons
All
2.
-non-voluntary actions
-contains all the nerves that serve the internal
organs.
-unconscious and automatic.
-made of two parts:
onomicns.swf
Fig 2 p 434