Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PURPOSE
Collection of geological material.
Samples of geologic materials are collected for three general
purposes:
Measurement of physical and hydraulic properties,
Measurement of chemical and biological properties, and
Identification of lithologic, geologic,mineralogical, and
gross physical properties.
Cores
Cuttings
DRILLING METHODS
Toughness
Describes the resistance to fracture that comes essentially
from the tensile strength of rock. Many drill bits are
designed to induce local tensile failure within Rock.
Abrasiveness
Describes the ability of rock fragments to wear away the
drill and polish its cutting edges.
Etamorphic:
Abrasive (and hard): Quartzite, hornfels, gneiss.
Quartzite usually the most difficult of common rocks to drill.
Less abrasive: Schist.
Least abrasive: Phyl ite, slate, marble
Sedimentary:
Abrasive (and hard): flint, chert. Quartzite, sandstone,
quartz conglomerate.
Abrasive (less hard): Siltstone, siliceous limestone, many
sandstone.
Non abrasive (hard): Limestone, shale.
Non abrasive (least hard): Mudstone, marl, coal, oolitic
limestone.
DRILL BITS
The hardness of mineral
constituents, the toughness
of the rock, its abrasiveness
should be considered while
choosing drill bits.
TYPES OF DRILLING
Percussion drilling
Cable tool
Hammer drill
Air Percussion
Rotary drilling
Three rotary drilling methods are widely used, each depending on
the type of information required and/or the rock types being
drilled.
Air rotary
Mud rotary
Diamond core drilling
PERCUSSION DRILLING
In percussive drilling a chisel-shaped bit is repeatedly struck
against the rock so as to form a hole. It pulverizes the rock to a
fine debris which can be flushed from the hole by drilling fluid.
AIR-PERCUSSION DRILLING
ROTARY DRILLING
In rotary drilling the ground is either cut or crushed by tough
blades or points which are rotated against the rock under load.
DIAMOND
COREcore
DRILL
BIT
Diamond studded
cutter.
The diamond bit is used in conjunction with a core barrel for
cutting a core out of the rock. The bit is hollow so that as it
cuts into the rock, a core of rock is cut which passes through
the bit and into the core barrel.
AUGUR DRILLING
Solid stem.
Hollow stem
AIR-ROTARY DRILLING
This is a quick and economical method of producing a
sample. Compressed air is forced down the drill pipe and, as it
returns to the surface, it carries with it rock chips made by the
rotating bit. This method is used in soft rock materials to about
25m deep, or to drill through the top layer of decomposed rock
and soil to get a fresh rock sample from the bedrock below.
Mud-rotary drilling
This method is used for drilling through soft rocks, sand
and clay layers especially in the search for coal, oil or gas. A
special mix of clay and water is forced down the drill hole
turning a rotary bit, with rock chips returning in the "mud" slurry.
This method is used for holes up to 3km deep and can be done
from ships or offshore platforms especially in the search for oil
and/or gas. A person who collects the chips and identifies the
rock type and other information is known as a "mud-logger".
Thank
you