Structural Steel Design

Compression members
Team Teaching
Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department
2010

Introduction
Compression Members: Structural elements that are subjected
to axial compressive forces only are called columns. Columns
are subjected to axial loads thru the centroid.
Stress:

P
fs
A

Where, f is assumed to be uniform over the entire crosssection.

Column Buckling

If an axial load P is applied and increased slowly,

it will ultimately reach a value Pcr that will cause
buckling of the column.
P

Pcr = critical buckling

load of the
column. 2

(a)

Pcr

EI
Pcr
2
K L

Pcr

(b)

Euler Formula
P

P
y

Buckled deflected shape

L

(a)

P
Pcr

y
M=
Py
y

(b)
Figure 5-4 Buckling of a colum
n

d
(c)

d2y
M
M Py

dx
EI
d2y P
d2y

y0
ky 0
dx EI
dx
Differential equation solution
P
k
EI
y A sin kx B cos kx
BCs:

x=0 y=0
x=L y=0

From 2 boundary Conditions : B=0 and AsinkL=0

solution:
A=0 trivial solution
sinkL=0 non trivial solution
kL=n

P
k 2 L2 n 2 2
EI
2 2
P 2
n
EI
L n 2 2 P
EI
L2

k2

Fundamental mode n=1,

2 EI
2E
Pcr 2 Fcr
2
L
L
r

where, r2 = I/Ag

Euler Equation

Euler Formula

Fcr

Fy

Fcr

2E

L r

Rasio kelangsingan, L/r

Ideal Column
Formula Euler is based on assumption :
Steel material is in linear elastic stage
There is no residual stress
The column is perfectly straight
The load is axial thru the centered, with no
eccentricity.
The column in pinned at both ends
This ideal state is never reached. The stressstate will be non-uniform due to:
Accidental eccentricity of loading with
respect to
the centroid
Member out-of straightness (crookedness),
or
Residual stresses in the member crosssection

Actual Column

Pcr
Py

Nonlinear Stress - Strain

There is residual stress
Initial Slenderness
Non- homogenous material
Initial eccentricity
Inaccurate Dimension
Restrain Condition

Actual Column Ideal

2E
Pe
Ag Column
2
(L / r)
(Fcr) < (Fcr)ideal

Range of test results

Rasio kelangsingan, L/r

Elastic
Buckling :

2 EI
Pcr
2
Lk
1 Lk f y
c
r E
fy
Pcr 2 Ag
c
Where

Euler equation

Column Slenderness

Lk = Effective length = K L
K = buckling coefficient
fy = yield stress of material

Column Design Strength cPn

The AISC specifications for column design are

based on several years of research.

c Pn = 0.9 Ag Fcr
Inelastic
buckling

KL
c
r

Fy

Elastic
buckling

KL
c
r

Fy

c 2

1.5

Fcr 0.658

1.5

0.877
Fcr
F
c

Column Design Strength AISC 2005 cPn

Fe

c Pn = 0.9 Ag Fcr

Inelastic
buckling

Fe 0.44 Fy

or

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

2E
2
KL

Fcr 0.658 Fe

Elastic
buckling

Fe 0.44 F y

or

Fy

F
y

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

Fcr 0.877 Fe

Design Strength Chart

Max KL/r = 200

Effective Length for

different Restraint Condition

Buckled shape of
colum
nis shownby
dashed line

Theoritical K value

0.50

0.70

Recom
m
ended design
value whenideal condi
tions are approxim
ate

0.65

0.80

1.0
1.2

1.0

2.0

2.0

1.0

2.10

2.0

Rotationfixed and translationfixed

End conditioncode

Rotationfree and translationfixed

Rotationfixed and translationfree
Rotationfree and translationfree

..\hasil download
purdue univ\column
buckling.mpg

Effective lengthfactors for idealized colum

nend conditions. Courtesy the
Am
ericanInstitute of Steel Construction, Inc.

Example : (1) Determine the buckling strength (Pcr) of a W 12 x

50 column. Its length is 20 ft. For major axis buckling, it is
pinned at both ends. For minor buckling, is it pinned at one end
and fixed at the other end.

Major axis means axis about which it has

greater moment of inertia (Ix > Iy)

W12 x 50:
Ix = 391 in4.

Major X axis : pin-pin

Kx = 1.0 (theory ) Kx = 1.0 (recommended)
Unsupported length Lx = 20 ft.
Effective length :
Kx Lx = 1.0 x 20 = 20 ft. = 240 in.

Minor Y axis : pin-fix

Ky = 0.7 (theory) Ky = 0.8 (recommended)
Unsupported length Ly = 20 ft.
Effective length f:
Ky Ly = 0.8 x 20 = 16 ft. = 192 in.

E = 29000 ksi
Iy = 56.3 in4

Critical load

Pcr

2E I y

Ly

29000 391
buckling about x axis Pcr-x =
240 2

2 29000 56.3
192 2

Pcr-x = 1942.9 kips

buckling about y-axis Pcr - y=

Pcr-y = 437.12 kips

Buckling strength of the column : P cr = 437.12 kips

Minor (y) axis buckling governs.

..\hasil download purdue

univ\slenderness
ratio.mpg

a) Major axis buckling; (b) minor axis

buckling

Example : (2) Calculate the design strength of W14 x 74 with

length of
20 ft and pinned ends. A36 steel is used.

rx = 6.04
ry = 2.48
in2
Kx = Ky = 1.0 (pin end)
Lx = Ly = 20 x 12 = 240 in.

Ag = 21.8

Slenderness ratio
KxLx/rx = 240/6.04 = 39.735
KyLy/ry =2 E240/2.48
= 96.77 (govern)
2 * 29000
Fe

30.56ksi
2
2
96.77
KL

4.71
Cek the limit :

E
29000
4.71
133.68
Fy
36

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

Fy

Fcr 0.658 Fy

Fe

Fcr = 21.99 ksi

cPn = 0.85 (Ag Fcr)

= 0.85 (21.8 x
21.99)
= 431.4 kips
Design strength of
column = 431 kips
(inelastic buckling)

Column Design Strength based on

Empirical Formula

Pn 0.9 Ag f cr 0.9 Ag
f cr

fy

fy

c 0,25 1
1,43
0,25c 1,2
1,6 0,67c

c 1,2 1,252c

Ag
fcr
fy

= gross area, mm2

= critical stress, MPa
= yield stress, MPa
= buckling coefficient
depend on slenderness
ratio

Comparison Graph LRFD TCPSBuBG

vs AISC
300

250

BJ41, Fy=250 MPa

200
FcrT ( c)
FcrA( c)

150

100

50

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.2

Perbandingan persamaan kekuatan tekuk Fcr

antara TCPSBuBG dan AISC untuk BJ41

2.4

2.6

 Graph

5
( c)

0
0

2
c

2.60

500
450
400

Critical stress Fcr (MPa)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

20

40

60

80
100
120
Slenderness ratio kL/r

140

160

180

BJ34
BJ37
BJ41
BJ50
BJ55
Critical column stress Fcr vc Slenderness ratio according to Load
and Resistance Factor Design, for various yield stresses.

200

Local Buckling Limit State

AISC assume that column buckling is the governing limit

state for column strength.
Column section made from thin (slender) plate elements
can fail due to local buckling of the flanges or the webs.
If all the elements of the cross-section have slenderness
(b/t) ratio less than r then the local buckling limit state will
not control.
Hence, to prevent local buckling : r
Then, use compact or non compact section
(no local buckling)
The minimum slenderness ratio
of compression member :

Lk

200
r

Slenderness Ratio
Width-Thickness Parameters for hot-rolled I and H shapes
Element

<

Flange

bf

<

E
0.56
Fy

Web

2t f

h
< tw

E
1.49
Fy

For other shapes, please see Figure 4.9 W.T Segui 4th edition

Local STABILITY

The strength corresponding to any buckling mode

cannot be developed, however, if the elements of cross
section are so thin that local buckling occur.
They are :
- flange local buckling (FLB),
- web local buckling (WLB).
This buckling strength will depend on the widththickness ratio of the compression elements of the cross
section.
The strength must be reduced if the shape has any
slender elemen
..\hasil download
purdue univ
\local buckling.mp

Effective Length of Column in

Frame

When individual column is part of a frame, their ends are connected

to other members (beams etc.).
Effective length factor K depend on the restraint offered by the other
members connected at the ends.
Effective length factor K depend on the relative rigidity (stiffness) of
the members connected at the ends.
Effective length factor for columns in frames :
1. Check whether the column is part of a braced or unbraced frame.
Braced frame
: 0.5 < K 1
Unbraced frame : 1 < K

2. Determine the relative rigidity factor G for both ends of the

column

E Ic
L
c
G
E Ib
L
b

KL for Braced Frame, Unbraced Frame

P
kL>
2L

0,7L<
kL<
L

e, hinge based
(a) Braced Fram
e, hinged base (b) Unbraced Fram
P
P
P
P
L

0,5L<
kL<
0,7L

(c) Braced Fram

e, fixed base

L<
kL<
2L
(d) Unbraced Fram
e, fixed base

Alignment Chart to
calculate K

A
A

GA
L

B
B

GB
(b) Panjang tekuk kolom
(a) Deform
asi fram
e pada kondisi instabilitas dipengaruhi kekakuan
batang ynag bertem
u
E Ic
dititik AdanB

Lc
E Ib
L
b

G : the ratio of the summation

of the rigidity (EI/L) of all
columns coming together at
an end to the summation of
the rigidity (EI/L) of all beams
coming together at the same
end.

Boundary
Condition
Pin ended : (IBB/LBB) = 0 GB - ~
This ideal state is never reached,
Recomended value : GB= 10
Perfectly fixed end : (IBB/LBB) = ~ GB 0,
This ideal state is never reached,
Recommended value : GB= 1

E Ic
L
c
G
E Ib
L
b

Alignment Charts for effective column length in

a continuous frame

Design Concept : LRFD TCPSBuBG

2002

Pu c Pn
Where :
Nu =
Nn =
fcr =
c =

ultimate axially loaded fator

compressive nominal strength = Agfcr
critical buckling stress
0,9

Calculate the effective length factor for the W12 x 79 column AB of the
frame shown below. Assume that the column is oriented in such a way that
major axis bending occurs in the plane of the frame. Assume that the
columns are braced at each story level for out-of-plane buckling. The same
column section is used for the stories above
and below.
Unbraced
frame.

10 ft.

W14 x 68

10 ft.

W14 x 68

12 ft.

W 12 x 79 : Ix = 425 in4
W14x68
Ix = 723 in4
Lx = Ly = 12 ft.
Ky = 1.0
Kx depends on boundary conditions,
which involve restraints due to
beams and columns connected to
the ends of column AB.

W14 x 68

18 ft.

W12 x 79

W12 x 79

W12 x 79

18 ft.

20 ft.

15 ft.

Ic
425
425

L c 10 12 12 12 6.493
GA

1.021
Ib
723
723
6.360

L b 18 12 20 12
Ic
425
425

L c 12 12 15 12 5.3125
GB

0.835
Ib
723
723
6.360

18

12
20 12
Lb

from Alignment
Chart Kx=1.3

KyLy = 1.0 x 12
= 12 ft.
Kx Lx = 1.3 x 12
= 15.6 ft.

5.6 Tekuk lentur-torsi

Unsur tekan yang terdiri dari siku ganda atau profil berbentuk T,
dengan elemen-elemen penampang mempunyai rasio lebar-tebal,
r lebih kecil daripada yang ditentukan dalam Tabel 7.5-1,
harus memenuhi

N u n N nlt
dimana:

n 0,85
N nlt Ag f clt
f clt

f cry f crz

2H

4 f cry f crz H

1 1

2
f cry f crz

f crz

GJ

Ar02

r
2
0

Ix Iy

x02 y02

A
x02 y02
H 1
2
r
0

f cry

fy

Lky

fy

ry

Keterangan:
0 = jari-jari girasi polar terhadap
pusat geser
x0,y0 = koordinat pusat geser terhadap
titik berat, x0=0 untuk profil siku
ganda dan profil T
Untuk tekuk lentur terhadap sumbu
lemah y-y
Lky = panjang tekuk dalam arah sumbu
lemah y-y

5.7 Komponen struktur tersusun dihubungkan

dengan
pelat melintang

(1) Komponen tersusun yang disatukan pada seluruh panjang,

boleh dihitung sebagai batang tunggal
(2) Dihubungkan dengan pelat melintang pada tempat-tempat
tertentu:
Kekuatan: Terhadap sumbu bahan
Terhadap sunmbu bebas bahan
(3) Kelangsingan:
Lkx
(a) tegak lurus sumbu x-x:
x
rx
(b) tegak lurus sumbu
m 2
2
iy y l
bebas bahan y-y
2
(kelangsiangan ideal):

dimana:

Lky
ry

Ll
l
rmin
Keterangan:
m = konstanta seperti pada gambar
Lky = panjang tekuk komponen struktur tersusun pada tegak lurus
sumbu y-y
ry = jari-jari girasi terhadap sumbu y-y
Ll = spasi antara pelat kopel
rmin = jari-jari girasi elelemn komponen struktur terhadap sumbu
yang memberikan nilai terkecil

Persyaratan dipakainya rumus kelangsingan

ideal:
(a) Pelat-pelat kopel membagi komponen struktur tersusun
menjadi sama panjang
(b) Pembagian minimum 3
(c) Hubungan pelat kopel dengan elemen kaku
(d) Pelat kopel cukup kaku:
Ip
a

10

Il
Ll

Dimana: Ip = momen inersia pelat kopel, untuk tebal t dan

tinggi h, maka Ip = 2x1/12 t h3, mm4.
Il = momen inersia elemen komponen terhadap
sumbu l-l, mm4.
a = jarak dua pusat titik berat komponen,mm.

Potongan struktur tersusun, dihubungkan

dengan pelat melintang:
y l
x

a
m=2
y

a
m=2

y
x

x x

xx

a
m=2

y l

l
x

a
m=2
l
x

l
m=3

a a
m=4

Gambar 5.13 Komponen struktur tersusun, nilai m

y l

a
Potongan1-1 x

a
m=2

a
1

a
D/2

Ll

D/2
L1/2
T

DL1/2

Gambar 5.14 Pelat kopel

L1/2

(4) Koefisien Tekuk dan kuat nominal tekan:

Koefisien tekuk x dan y ditentukan oleh harga-harga x dan
iy, dan kuat tekan nominal diambil sebagai nilai terkecil dari
diantara:
Ag f y
Nn
dan
x
Ag f y
Nn
iy
(5) Selanjutnya perencanaan komponen struktur dihitung dari:

N u c N n

(6) Persyaratan kestabilan elemen-elemen

penampang:

x 1,2l
iy 1,2l

dan

l 50
(7) Pelat-pelat kopel direncanakan terhadap gaya lintang yang
bekerja pada seluruh panjang, sebesar:
Du 0,02 N u

Dengan Nu = kuat tekan perlu komponen struktur tersusun akibat

beban-beban terfaktor.
Gaya yang bekerja pada kopel ditunjukkan pada Gambar 5.x.(b).

Gaya akibat gaya lintang Du:

Nu

D/2

D/2

L1
T

T=D.L1/a

L1

L1

a
D

Nu
D/2

D/2

Gambar 5.15 Gaya pada pelat kopel

Gaya pada pelat kopel

y l
x

a
m=2

D/2

D/2

Gambar 5.16
Gaya pelat kopel

L1/2

DL1/2

L1/2

5.8 Komponen struktur tersusun dengan jarak

antara
sama dengan tebal pelat kopel

O
X

O
l

X Y
O
(a)

l O

(b)

Gambar 5.17

l
X X

Y l

(c)

X
l
Y
(d)

(1) Baja siku dobel seperti Gambar 5.17 (a) dan (b), hanya perlu
dihitung terhadap tekuk pada arah sumbu bahan x-x;
(2) Untuk baja siku tidak sama kaki pada Gambar 5.17 (b),
persamaan pendekatan rx = 0,87 r0;
(3) Gambar 5.17 (c) dan (d), perlu dihitung terhadap tekuk pada
arah sumbu bahan dan arah sumbu bebas bahan;
(4) Untuk Gambar 5.17 (c) dan (d), iy dapat diambil y;

pr
4.5.5
4.5.8
4.5.10