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ETIOLOGY
Entamoeba hystolytica (pathogen ) &
Entamoeba dispar (apathogen)
E. hystolytica :
Trophozoit : hystolytica & minuta
20-40 um (12-50 um), round nucleus,
endoplasma (food vacuoles
RBC, phagocytized elements), clear
ectoplasma
Cyst : 10-20 um, oval or round, 1 4 nuclei
Entamoeba hystolytica
LIFE CYCLE ..(1)
Infective cyst is ingested the wall is
digested in small intestines released of 4
quadrinucleat ameba.
Passed into large intestine to grow and
divide by binary fision to form trophozoites
Trophozoites live in the lumen and mucosal
crypt of the large bowel (caecum,
descending colon, recto-sigmoid)
Entamoeba hystolytica
LIFE CYCLE
..(2)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Worldwide , tropical region
Infect 10 % of world population
Third cause of death among parasitic
diseases (schistosomiasis, malaria)
Relevent factors in transmission : fecal
disposal, water-borne infections, food
handlers, personal hygiene, arthropodes as
mechanical vectors.
Humans are the principal reservoir
PATHOGENESIS
Trophozoites in the intestinal lumen
Depletion of intestinal mucus, diffuse
inflammation, disruption of the epithelial
barrier
Attach to the interglandular epithel
Microulceration of the mucosa (cecum
sigmoid colon, rectum)
Submucosal extension of ulceration
flask shaped ulcer
DIAGNOSIS (1)
Anamnesis
Physical diagnosis
Laboratory
- Stool : E. hystolytica) (trophozoite)
- Culture
- Serology : counterimmunodiffusion,
agar gel diffusion, ELISA (6-12 mo
neg), IHA (up to 10 yrs)
DIAGNOSIS .(2)
Amebic liver abscess:
Chest X-ray, liver scan, ultrasonography, MRI
Radiographic barium harmful in
acute amebic colitis.
Endoscopy + biopsy in ameboma
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Bacterial diarrhoea caused by
Campylobacter, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, Shigella sp, Salmonella sp,
Vibrio sp.
Pyogenic liver abscess : older patient,
underlying bowel disease, surgery
TREATMENT ..(1)
Luminal amebicides
- Poorly absorbed
- High concentration in the bowel
- Limited to cyst & trophozoites close
to mucosa
- Iodoquinol, Diloxanide furoate,
Paromomycin
TREATMENT ..(2)
Tissue amebicides
- High concentration in blood and
tissue
- Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Ornidazole
Aspiration of liver abscess
- Diagnostic
- Failure to respond clinically in 3-5 days.
- To threat of imminent rupture
- To prevent left lobe liver abscess rupture
PREVENTION
Adequate sanitation
Eradication of cyst carriage
Disinfection by iodination (tetraglycine hydroperiodide)
No effective chemoprophylaxis