Rating and Heating of Motors

Size & rating of a motor depends upon

a) Heating effects in the motor
b) Loading conditions and classes of duty
c) Load Inertia
d) Environmental conditions
Heating & Cooling curves
Assumptions:
d) Motor is a homogeneous body
e) The heat loss is constant during temperature rise
f) The dissipation of heat is directly proportional to the difference of
temperature between the motor and the cooling medium
g) The temperature of cooling medium remains constant

Let,
p = Heat developed in J/sec. or Watts
G = Wt. of active parts of machine in kg
h = Specific heat in J/ kg./ 0C
S = Cooling surface area in m2
= Specific heat dissipation in J/sec/m2 /0C
= temperature rise in 0C
m = Final steady temperature rise in 0C
t = time in sec.
= Heating time constant and = Cooling time constant
Rate at which heat is generated in the motor
= Rate at which heat is absorbed by the motor + Rate at which heat is
dissipated

pdt Ghd S dt

Heating Curve

Dividing with Ghdt

p d
S

Gh dt
Gh
S
t
Gh

Ke
S
At t 0, 1 (initial temp. rise)

p
K 1
S
p p

1 e
S S

S
t
Gh

p
At t , m
(Final temp. rise)
S
m ( m 1 )e t /
where Gh/S
If 1 0,

(Heating Time constant)

m 1 e t /
At t , 0.632 m
The Heating time constantis defined as the time
required to heat the machine to 63.2% of the
final temperatu re rise above ambient te mperature

0 Ghd S ' dt
Dividing with Ghdt
d
S '
0

dt
Gh
S'
t

Gh

Cooling Curve

Ke
At t 0, m (initial temp. rise)
K m
me

S '
t

Gh

Cooling of Motor

me

t / '

where ' cooling time constant Gh/S '

where ' rate of heat dissipation while cooling
At t ' , 0.368 m
The cooling time constantis defined as the time
required to cool the machine to 36.8% of the
initial temperatu re rise above ambient te mperature

m
Temp.
Rise
0.632

Cooling
curve

Heating
curve

0.368
m

Time t

The structure of a 10 H.P totally enclosed motor is equivalent to a

cylinder of 70 cm diameter and one metre length. The motor weighs
380 kg and its material has a specific heat of 700 J/kg/ 0C. The outer
surface dissipates heat at the rate of 15 W/sq.m/ 0C. Find the final
temperature rise and the thermal time constant of the motor when
operating at full load with an efficiency of 88%.

Efficiency

P0
P0 Losses

10 735.5
10 735.5 1003 W
0.88
Cooling Surface Area dl 0.7 1 2.2m 2
Losses
1003
m

30 .4 0 C
Surface Area Rate of Cooling 2.2 15
Gh 380 700
Thermal Time Constant

7850 sec
S
2.2 15
130.83 min. 2.18 Hrs.
Losses

The temp. rise of a motor after operating for 30 min. on full load is 20
C, after another 30 min. on the same load, the temp. rise becomes

30 0C. Assuming that the temp. increases according to an exponential

law, determine the final temp. rise and the time constant.

When t 30 min.,

20 0 C ,

m 1 e t /
Therefore,

When t 60 min.,

30 0 C

Since,

20 m 1 e 30 /
Let , e -30/ x, then
Thus,

1 e

and

2 1 x

,
2
3 1 x

- 30
ln( 0.5),

20
0

40
C
30 / 43.28

30 m 1 e 60 /

Solv ing gives x 1 and 0.5

43.28 min.

Classification of Motor Ratings

a) Continuous Duty: Operation at constant load of sufficient
duration for thermal equilibrium to be reached.
Ex. Centrifugal pumps, fans, compressors, conveyors
b) Short Time Duty: Operation at constant load during a given
time less than that required to reach thermal equilibrium
followed by a rest of sufficient duration to re-establish
equality of temperature with the cooling medium.
Ex. Motors for battery charging units etc.
c) Intermittent Periodic Duty: It is a sequence of identical
duty cycles each consisting of a period of operation at
constant load and rest period, these periods being too
short to attain thermal equilibrium during one duty cycle.
Ex. Hoisting mechanism

Load

Continuous Duty

Load

Short Time Duty

Load

Intermittent Periodic Duty

Continuous Duty and Variable Load

Pi ti

1/ 2

Peq

Total Cycle Time

P
dt

1/ 2

A motor working in a coal mine has to exert power starting from

zero and rising uniformly to 200 HP in 5 min. after which it works
at a constant rate of 100 HP for 10 min., then a no-load period of
3 min. The cycle again starts and is repeated indefinitely.
Estimate the size of the motor.
P

5
t

15 18

23

P1 40t

40t

Peq

P2 100
2

P3 0

dt 100 10 0

1/ 2

18

1600t 3
1
1
5

10
3 0 18
18

96.2
100 H.P
5

1/ 2

A motor driving a colliery winder has the following load cycle.

Accelerating period: 0 to 15 sec., load rising uniformly from 0 to
1050 HP. Full speed period: 15 to 85 sec., load constant at 600 HP.
Deceleration period: 85 to 95 sec., power returned to line, falls
uniformly from 200 to zero. Decking period: 95 to 120 sec., motor
stationary. Estimate the size of continuous rated motor suitable for
the above load cycle.
1050
HP
60
0
20
0
0

15
120

Time

85

95

Continuous Duty Motor for Short Time Duty

Let,

Pr = Rated power at constant duty

Px = Rated power at short time duty

N = Duration of short time

Wr = Rated loss

(Px > Pr)

Px

Wx Wc Wcu
Pr

Wx = Loss at short time

Px

Wcu

Pr
Wr = Wc + Wcu = Wcu + Wcu = Wcu(1 + )

Px

Wcu Wcu
Pr

Wc = Constant loss

P
x
Pr
Wx

Wr
1

m
m (1 e N / )

Thus,

P
x

Pr
1

1
(1 e N / )

Px
1

N /
Pr (1 e
)

1/ 2

Determine the One Hr. rating of a 15 HP motor having a heating time

constant of 2 Hrs. The motor attains the temperature rise of 40 0 C on
continuous run at full load. Assume that the losses are proportional
to square of the load and the motor is allowed to cool down to the
ambient temp. before being loaded again.

2 Hr.
Since the losses are proportion al to the square of the load,
the constant losses are not considered . Thus 0
Pr 15 HP

N 1 Hr.

Px Pr

N /
1 e

1/ 2

1
15
1 / 2
1 e

1/ 2

23.9 HP 24 HP

A 25 HP motor with a heating time constant of 100 min. has a final

temp. rise of 40 0C on continuous rating. Find the half hr. rating of the
motor for this temp. rise assuming that it cools down completely
between each load period. The motor has max. efficiency at 85% of
its full load.

Pr 25 HP
Since,

Wc

Wcu

100 min.

N 30 min.

1/ 2

0.85

Therefore, 0.85 0.7225

2

1/ 2

1 0.7225

Px Pr

25

0
.
7225
N /

1 e 30 /100

25 2.434 60.845 60 HP(say)

1/ 2

Intermittent Rating

max
min
h3
h2
h1

c3
c2
c1

Time t

Let

h1, h2, h3.........Rise in temp. after heating

c1, c2, c3..........Fall in temp. after cooling
N and R......... ....Durati ons of heating and cooling
and ' ..............Heatin g and Cooling Time constants
h1 m' 1 - e - N/

c1 h1 e

- R/ '

h1 m' 1 - e x

c1 h1 e y m' 1 - e x e y

h2 m' m' c1 e x m' 1 e x c1e x m' 1 e x 1 e x e y

c 2 h 2 e y m' e y 1 e x 1 e x e y

h 3 m' 1 e x c 2 e x m' 1 e x m' e x e y 1 e x 1 e x e y

m' 1 e x 1 e x e y e 2 x e 2 y

For n times intermittency,

hn m' 1 e x 1 e x e y e 2 x e 2 y ...... e ( n 1) x e ( n 1) y
1 e nx e ny
1 e
x y
1

e
e

'
m

As n , e nx 0, e ny 0 and hn
m

'
m

1 e

1 e

N /

( N / R / ' )

'

m' Wx 1 e ( N / R / )

m Wr
1 e N /
Px

Pr

1 1 e

1 e

Px

Pr

N / R / '

N /

1/ 2

m
Px
N = On
Time
R = Off
Time

max

min

max Max. Temp. of the motor under Intermitte nt duty

min Min. Temp. of the motor under Intermitte nt duty
' Max Temp. of the motor under Continuous duty
Pr Rated power of the motor under Continuous duty
Px Increased power of the motor under Intermitte nt duty

max m' m' min e

max m' 1 e

min max

e
min

R
N

'e

R
e '

max m' 1 e

e
max

N R

'

m'
1 e

N
max

1 e
WC
where
WCu

P
x
P

r
Wx

Wr
1

Thus,

1 e

N R

'

1 e
Px

Pr

1 e

Px

Pr

1
N R

'

1 e

The heating and cooling time constants of a motor are 100 min. and
50 min. respectively. The rating of the motor is 125 kW. If it is working
on duty cycle of 15 min. on load and 30 min. on no load, determine
the permissible over loading of the motor. Assume =0.4

1 1 e

Px

Pr

N / R / '

1 e
0.4 1 1 e

1 e

N /

15 / 100 30 / 150

15 / 100

1.596 1.60
Px 1.6 Pr 200 kW

1/ 2

0.4

1/ 2

Load Equalization

0
(T,)
r

T
Tr
Tmax

0 0 r
T

Tr

0 r T

Tr

Speed

With
Flywheel

Without
Flywheel

Load
Torque

TLh

Torqu
e

Motor Torque
Tmax
Tmin

TLl
th

tl
Time

Load Equalisation

Moment of Inertia of the Flywheel

Let,
= instantaneous speed;
speed

0 = no-load speed;

r = rated

T = instantaneous
torque; Tr = rated torque

Tr

0 r dT
d

dt
Tr
dt
d
T TL J
dt
dT
m
T TL
dt

0 r dT
J

T T
Tr

where m

dt

0 r
J
Tr

Mech. Time Constant

T TL 1 e

t / m

T e

' t / m

where

T 'is the torque developed by the motor at the instant of

applicatio n or removal of the load

1 e

Tmax TLh 1 e
Tmin TLl

t h / m

tl / m

Eliminatin g TLh ,

Eliminatin g TLl ,

min

max

t h / m

t l / m

t1

Tmax TLl

ln
Tmin TLl
th
m
TLh Tmin

ln
TLh Tmax

Hence, the moment of inertia of flywheel

is

Tr
J

0 r

t1

Tmax TLl

ln
Tmin TLl
th
Tr
J

0 r TLh Tmin

ln
TLh Tmax

A motor equipped with a flywheel has to supply a load torque of

900 Nm for 15 sec followed by a no-load period long enough for
the flywheel to regain its full speed. It is desired to limit the
motor torque to 675 Nm. Determine the moment of inertia of
the flywheel. The no-load speed of the motor is 600 rpm and
has a slip of 8% at a torque of 675 Nm.

t h 15 sec .

TLh 900 Nm
Tr
J

0 r

ln

0 600 rpm
Tmax 675 Nm
th
TLh Tmin

TLh Tmax

675

600 0.92 600 2

60

Tr 675 Nm
Tmin 0

15
1453 Nm
900 0
ln

900 675

A 3-phase, 100 kW, 6-pole, 950 rpm IM has a constant load torque of
600 Nm followed by long intervals when additional torque of 3000 Nm
is applied for

15 sec. Determine (a) moment of inertia of the

flywheel if the motor torque were not to exceed twice the rated torque
(b) time taken after removal of additional load before the motor torque
becomes 1500 Nm. Assume slip torque characteristic to be a straight
line.

Tr
Tmin

100 1000 60
1005.2 Nm
Tmax 2 1005.2 2010.4 Nm
2 950
600 Nm
TL 600 3000 3600 Nm

N r 950 rpm
J

Tr

0 r

4534 Nm

N 0 1000 rpm
th
TLh Tmin
ln
TLh Tmax

1005.2 60

2 50

ln

15
3600 600

3600 2010.4

Tmax 2010.4
Tr
J

0 r

Tmin 1500

TLl 600

t1

Tmax TLl

ln
Tmin TLl
1005.2 60
t1
4534

2 50
2010.4 600
ln

1500 600
t1 10.61sec

Phase Angle Control

S1

S2

T
+

VS
DF

D2

+
-

D1

Single-Phase SemiConverter

Switch S1 is turned on at

Switch S2 is turned on at 180+

Fundamental component of current lags the supply

voltage

Load Voltage & Current

Supply Voltage & Current

Free Wheeling Current

Load Voltage
Load Current
Av. Load
Voltage

Supply Voltage
Supply Current

Freewheeling
Current

Voltage across S1
& D1

 Vm
1 cos

Vdc

I S I dc
I Sn

Output
Voltage

2 2 I dc

cos n / 2
n

Input RMS
Current

n th Harmonic Input RMS Current

IF
2
1 cos
PF
cos( / 2)
IS
( )

DF cos / 2
I ( )

THD H
1
I F 4(1 cos )

Input Power
Factor
Displacement
Factor

0.5

Total Harmonic
Distortion

S1

S2

T +
VS

S3

+
-

T
+
-

S4

Single-Phase Full Converter

T
-

Switches S1 & S4 are triggered at an angle and

turned off at

(180 + )

Switch S2 & S3 are triggered at an angle (180 + )

and

turned off at

(360 + )

Fundamental component of current is lagging with

the supply voltage and hence the displacement
factor is less than unity.

Load Voltage &

Current

Supply Voltage &

Current

Load Voltage
Load Current
Av. Load
Voltage

Supply Voltage
Supply Current

Voltage across S1
and S4

Voltage across S2
and S3

 2Vm
Vdc

I Sn

cos

2 2 I dc

n th Harmonic Supply Current

I I dc
IF
2 2 cos
PF
cos
IS

DF cos
IH
HF THD
0.483
IF

SemiConverter

PU
Voltage

Alpha
Full-Converter

Since,
2Vm
Vdc
cos Eb Ra I ave

A 200 V, 875 rpm, 150 A separately excited dc motor has an armature

resistance of 0.06 . It is fed from a single phase fully controlled
rectifier with an ac source voltage of 220 V, 50 Hz. Assuming
continuous conduction, calculate (i) firing angle for rated motor torque
and -500 rpm (ii) motor speed for = 1600 and rated torque.
At rated operation, E = 200 150 0.06 = 191 V
(i) At -500 rpm,

500
E
191 109
875
Since, Va E I a Ra 109 150 0.06 100 V
2Vm
2 220 2
- 100
cos
cos

cos 0.5
or
120 0

(ii) At = 1600

2 220 2
Va
cos160 0 186 V

- 186 E I a Ra E 150 0.06

E 195 V
195
N
875 893 .2 rpm
191

Dual-Mode Dual Converter

A Dual-converter (circulating current mode and non- circulating
current mode) operates in all the four quadrants of operation

+Vdc

-T

+T

-Idc

+Idc

-Vdc

 The advantages of both modes of operation can be

achieved by operating a Dual-converter in CC
mode and NCC mode at different loading conditions
At average and full load conditions, the converter
can be

operated in NCC mode to avoid the losses

due to

circulating current

At low and no-load conditions, converter can be

switched to CC mode to avoid possible
discontinuous current
This also reduces the size of the inductor

Con. I

Con. II
A

T11

T22

T13

B
VAB

T14

T24

VCD

T23

T12
B

T21

Single Phase Dual Converter with / without Circulating

Current Mode

(Inverter > 90)

Con. II

Con. I (Rectifier <

90)

(Rectifier < 90)

Con. II

Con. I (Inverter >

90)

Firing Angles

T11 = = 600

T21 = 180 - = 1200

T12 = = 600

T22 = 180 - = 1200

T13 = 180 + = 2400

T23 = 360 - = 3000

T14 = 180 + = 2400

T24 = 360 - = 3000

1 =
600

180 +

2 =
1200

180

Vr

Voltage Across Inductor

Circulating current :
(180 + )

(180 - )

To

dic
L
V AB VCD Vm sin t (Vm sin t ) 2Vm sin t
dt

2Vm
ic
L

2Vm
cos1 cos t
sin t (dt )
L
1

Circulating current :
To
360

To

and

(360 - )

dic
L
V AB VCD Vm sin t Vm sin t 2Vm sin t
dt

2Vm
ic
L

2Vm
cos t cos1
sin t (dt )
L
1

T11

T13

T15

T22

T26

T24

T14

T16

T12

T25

T23

T21

Three Phase Dual Converter with Circulating Current

Mode

Classification of Choppers

Type B

Type A

-T

-
Type D

Type C

T
-T

-T

Type E

-T

+
Choppe
r
DF

Type A Chopper

Va

Ia

Is

Id

Time

Choppe
r

Type B Chopper

Va

-Ia

-Is

Ich
Time

Ch1

D2

Ch2

D1

Vs

Type C Chopper

Ch1

D1

Vs

-
D2

Type D Chopper

Ch2

Ch1

D4

Vs
Type E
Chopper

Ch3

Ch4

D1

Ch2

Ch1, Ch2 (A+ve & B-ve) IQ;

A-ve)

D2

D1, D2 IV Q (B+ve &

Ch3, Ch4 III Q; (B+ve & A-ve) D3, D4 II Q (A+ve &

D3

Analysis of First Quadrant Chopper

When Chopper is Turned ON

dia
L
Ra ia V Eb
0 t TON
dt
dia Ra ia V Eb

i a (0) I Min
dt
L
L
V Eb
ia (t )
1 e t / I Min e t /
Ra

V Eb
ia (TON )
1 e T
Ra

ON

/ a

T
e
Min

ON

/ a

I Max

a = La / Ra

When Chopper is Turned OFF

dia
L ' Ra i a V E b
dt
dia Ra ia V Eb

'
L
L
dt
V Eb
'
ia (t )
1 e t
Ra

0 t ' TOFF
i a (0) I Max
'

/ a

Eb
ia (TOFF )
1 e T
Ra

OFF

I
/ a

Max

t ' / a

T
e
Max

OFF

/ a

I Min

Solving for I

I Max
I Min
I av
I av

min

and I

max

gives

V 1 e

R 1 e
TON / a

V 1 e

Ra 1 e T /
Eb

Ra

b
a

TON / a

T / a

TON

TOFF

ia (t ) dt

E
V TON

Ra T
Ra

i
0

'

'

(t ) dt

Speed Torque Characteristics

Ta
V TON

k
Ra T
V TON

k T

k

Ra

Ra

Ta
2
k

=1
= 0.8
=.0.4
(a) At Low Frequency

Ta

= 0.2

=1
= 0.8
=.0.4

(a) At High Frequency

= 0.2

Ta

A 300 V, 100 A, separately excited dc motor operating at 600 rpm

has an armature resistance and inductance of 0.25 and 16 mH
respectively. It is controlled by a four-quadrant chopper with a
chopping frequency of 1 kHz (a) If the motor is to operate in the
second quadrant at 80% of rated current at 450 rpm, calculate the
duty ratio (b) Compute the duty ratio if the motor is working in the
third quadrant at 500 rpm and at 60% of the rated torque.

Eb 300 100 0.25 275 V

Eb 275
k

0.458
N 600
In II Quadrant, motor work s as a generator
Va V (1 )
I a 0.8 100 80 A
E b Va I a Ra
kN V (1 ) I a Ra
0.458 450 300 (1 ) 80 0.25

0.38

In III Quadrant, motor work s in Reverse motoring

Eb kN 0.458 500 229 V
Va V 300
I a 0.6 100 60 A
E b Va I a R a
229 300 60 0.25
0.813

A dc shunt motor takes a current of 80 A on a 480 V supply and runs

at 960 rpm. The armature resistance is 0.25 and the field
resistance is 120 . A chopper is used to control the speed of the
motor in the range of 400 to 750 rpm having constant torque. The
on-period of the chopper is 3 ms. The field is supplied directly from
480 V supply. Determine the range of frequencies of the chopper.

I f 480 / 120 4 A

I a 80 4 76 A

Eb (960 rpm) 480 76 0.25 461 V

400
Eb (400 rpm)
461 191 .88 V
960
V E b I a Ra 191 .88 76 0.25 210 .88 V
TON 210 .88

0.4393
T
480
1 0.4393
f
146 .44 Hz
3
T 3 10

750
Eb (750 rpm)
461 360 .16 V
960
V E b I a Ra 360 .16 76 0.25 379 .16 V
TON 379 .16

0.79
T
480
1
0.79
f
263 .31 Hz
3
T 3 10

Closed Loop Control of DC Drives

Power
Supply

eN
+ere
f

-ea

Speed
Controlle
r

EC
Converte
r

Feedback

TL
Va

DC
Motor

Vac
-I

+ ref
- m

a(ref)

Vc

-Ia Current

Speed ec Curren
t
Controll
Limiter
er

Firing
Circuit

Controlle
r

Ia

Ia
Ra

Filter

+V

Va

-Eg

+E

ef

r
Field
Controll
er
Filter

Vcf

Va
c

If

Firing
Circuit
TG

DC
M

RMS value of Voltage

1

2
2
Vm sin t dt

Vrms

Vm

sin 2
1

0. 5

0.5

A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4 pole star connected induction

motor is supplied by a 3-phase ac voltage controller
with an input voltage of 440 V and = 600. The
data of the motor is: Rs = 0.4 ,
Rr = 0.2 , Xs
= 0.85 , Xr =0.75 and Xm = 24 , all quantities
referred to stator. The load torque obeys the
equation:
TLs2= 0.12. Compute the torque
developed
2by
N the
2 motor.
1500
s

157.1 rad / sec

60
60
440
V ph
254 V
3

Vrms V ph 1

sin 2

1 sin 120 0
254 1
227.8 V
3
2

3I 2 R2 / s 3I 2 R2
Tm

S (1 s )
S s
V2
I2
R2 / s
2

3V2 s
0.12
Tm
; TL 2
S R2
s
Equating Tm with TL
0.12 S R2 0.12 157.1 0.2
s

0.0289
2
2
3V
3 227.8
3

I2

V2

R2 / s X 1 X 2
2

227.8

30.41 A
7.49

3I 2 R2 3 30.412 0.2
PS

19,204 W
s
0.0289
PS 19204
Tm

122.2 Nm.
S 157.1
2

(1.4 N 1000 ) N.m

A pump has a torque speed curve given Tby:
L
It is proposed to use a 240 V, 50 Hz, 4 pole star connected IM with an
equivalent circuit parameters referred to stator turns.

R1 0.2 , X1 0.36 , R2 0.65 , X 2 0.36 , X m 17 .3 .

The pump speed is to vary from full speed 0f 1250 rpm to 750 rpm
by voltage control using pairs of inverse-parallel connected SCRs in
the lines. Calculate the range of firing angles required.

Rotor Resistance Control

Id
IM

Chopp
er

R
e

1 T 2
Pav I d Re dt
T Ton

T Ton
2
2
I d Re
I d Re 1
T

Ton

Toff

i
v
t
2/3

The input rotor current is

2
Ir
Id
3
Reff Rd Re (1 )

6
I rf
Id

Power per phase

1 2
1 2
Pr I d Rd Re (1 ) I r Rd Re (1 )
3
2
Rr 0.5 Rd Re (1 )

Relation between Slip and DC Voltage

sE2 saV1
where, a N 2 /N 1

(Rotor tur ns/Stator turns)

3 3
Vd
V ph (m ax)

3 3
2 saV1 2.339 saV1

Relation between Torque and DC Current

Slip Power 3sPag Vd I d

Pm (1 s ) Pag
T s (1 s ) (1 s )Vd I d / 3s
3T s s
Id
Vd
3T s s
1.283T s

2.339 saV1
aV1
TL 3T

TL s
Id
2.339aV1

Relation between Slip and DC Current

Vd I d Reff
2.339 saV1 I d [ R d R (1 )]
I d [ R d R (1 )]
s
2.339aV1

A 440 V, 50 Hz, 6 pole star connected wound rotor IM has the

following parameters. Rs = 0.5 , Rr = 0.4 , Xs = 1.2, Xr =
1.2 and Xm = 50 . Motor is controlled by static resistance
control. Stator to rotor turns ratio is 3.5. External resistance is
chosen such that the breakdown torque is produced at
standstill for a duty ratio of zero. (i) Calculate the value of
external resistance. (ii) calculate the value of duty ratio, when
the speed of the motor is 500 rpm.

Slip at maximum torque is

Reff Rr
Reff 0.4
sm

2
2
Rs ( X s X r )
0.52 2.4 2
Re 2.45sm 0.4 0.5 R (1 ) 3.52
At max. torque at starting,
sm 1, for 0
6.125R 2.45 - 0.4

R 0.3347

2.45sm 0.4 0.5 R(1 ) 3.5

Ns N
sm
Ns
6.125(1 ) R 2.45sm 0.4

1.195 10 N
3

1.195 10 500 0.6

3

A four pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase IM has a chopper controlled

resistance in the rotor circuit for speed control. Load torque is
proportional to square of the speed. (i) When the thyristor is
ON, the torque is 30 Nm at a slip of 0.03. If the duty ratio is
0.5 and the motor develops a torque of 80% of ON torque
when the thyristor is OFF, determine the average torque and
speed. (ii) If the speed variation ranges down to 1200 rpm
(thyristor is OFF) from synchronous speed. Determine the
duty ratio to give an average torque of 25 Nm.

N s 1500 rpm

s 0.03

N 0.97 1500 1455 rpm

TON TavOFF TOFF

Tav
T
Tav 30 0.5 0.8 30 0.5 27 Nm
avON

27 2
30 2
2
N 2 14552

N 2 1390 rpm

When N 1200 rpm,

T1200
30

2
2
1200 1455
If Tav 25 Nm

T1200 20.13 Nm

30 TON 20.13 TOFF

25
T
25 30 20.13 (1 )

0.493

Static Krammer Drive

R
Y
B

S2

Vdm
S1

Vdm

Vdm at i f1

Vdr

Vdm at i f2

0
s

Vdr at 0

Vdm
Vdr at 0

0
s

Static Scherbius Drive

R
Y
B

S2
a=
N2/N1

S1

b=
N2/N1

Vdr 2.339 saV1

Vdi 2.339bV1 cos
At no load, I d 0 and Vdr Vdi
2.339 saV1 2.339bV1 cos
b
s cos
a
90 0 , s 0

(Syn. Speed)

180 ,

(Zero Speed)

s 1

At load :
3sPag Vdi I d
3ssT Vdi I d
2.339bV1 cos I d
T
b
3
cos s
a
1 1
Torque a, V1 , I d , ,
b s
Vdr Vdi
Id
Rd

Vdr Vdi I d Rd 2.339saV1

2.339bV1 cos I d Rd
s
2.339aV1
I d Rd
b
s
cos
2.339aV1 a

I d Rd
b
r s 1 cos

2.339aV1
a

s Rd
b
r s 1 cos
TL
2
(2.339aV1 )
a

Speed of a 400 V, 6 pole, 50 Hz, star connected SRIM is controlled by

Static Krammer drive. The effective turns ratio from rotor to stator is
0.9 and transformer turns ratio from LV to HV is 0.4. The inductor
current is ripple free and the losses in diode rectifier, inductor,
inverter and transformer are neglected. The load torque is
proportional to speed squared and its value is 250 Nm at 800 rpm.
For a motor operating speed of 700 rpm, calculate
(a) Rotor rectified voltage
(b)inductor current
(c) delay angle of the inverter
(d)efficiency, if inductor resistance is 0.01 and per phase
resistances of stator and rotor are 0.015 and 0.02
respectively.
400
800
(e) If the load
torque is increased to 3501000
Nm, find
the motor speed.

V1

230.94 V,

3
a 0.9
(a) Vdr 2.339 saV1

1000

0. 2

2.339 0.2 0.9 230.94 97.23 V

700
(b) TL ( 700 ) 250
191.41 Nm
800
4f
s
104.72 rad/sec
p
sTL
104.72 191.41
Id

61.85 A
2.339aV1 2.339 0.9 230.94
b
(c) s cos
a
0.4
0.3
cos
0.9

132.450

(d )

Power fed back Vd I d

97.23 61.85 6013.68 W
Inductor Loss I d2 Rd
61.852 0.01 38.25 W
2
Rotor Current I r
I d 50.5 A
3
Total cu. loss Rotor & Stator cu. loss

3 50.52 0.02 0.9 2 50.52 0.015 245.98 W

Power Output TL 191.41 2 700 / 60 14031.09 W
14031.09 100
Efficiency
98.01%
14031.09 38.25 245.98

(e)

s Rd
b cos
m s 1

TL
2
a
(2.339aV1 )

73.14 rad/sec 698.45 rpm

T1

T3

T5

Vd

T4

60
360

120

180

T1

T5

300

T4
T2

T6

240
T5

T3

T6

T6

T2

60

ig
Vab

120

180

240

300

360

T1
T6
T3
T4
T2

Vbc

T3

T5

T5

T6

T6
T4
T5

Vca
T1
T2

ig
Va

Vb

Vc

60
360

120

180

240

300

va
2vd/
vd/3

-vd/3
2vd/
3

ia

60
360

120

180

240

300

60
360

120

180

T1

T5

300

T4
T2

T6

240
T5

T3

T6

High
Frequency
Carrier
Wave
Low
Frequency
Reference
Wave

PWM Voltage
Wave

High
Frequency
Carrier
Wave
Low Frequency
Reference
Wave

PWM Voltage
Wave

Cyclo-converter Fed Induction Motor Drives

Advantages:

Voltage and frequency control is possible

Line commutation. No losses due eliminated
Mean sine wave can be synthesized by controlling and
varying the phase angle at lower frequencies.
Least torque pulsations and harmonic losses
Regeneration is possible

Disadvantages:
Poor input p.f
Output frequency limited to a maximum of 1/3 of input
frequency
Complex circuit