Scribd Logo
Încărcați

Bine ați venit la Scribd!

  • Lecture3 Mailed

    Încărcat de

    Marcos Morrison
    18 vizualizări13 pagini
    This document discusses different methods for making linear measurements in surveying. It describes three main methods: direct measurements, optical methods, and electromagnetic methods. Direct measurements involve actually measuring distances on the ground using tools like chains or tapes. Optical methods involve using instruments like a tacheometer or triangulation to measure distances through optical observations. Electromagnetic methods rely on technologies like radio waves, light waves, or infrared waves to measure distances. The document then focuses on direct measurement using a chain, the different types of chains, how they are tested and adjusted, and how to adjust a chain if it is too long or too short.

    Descriere originală:

    Notes

    Drepturi de autor

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formate disponibile

    PPT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd

    Vi se pare util acest document?

    Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

    Raportați acest document
    This document discusses different methods for making linear measurements in surveying. It describes three main methods: direct measurements, optical methods, and electromagnetic methods. Direct measurements involve actually measuring distances on the ground using tools like chains or tapes. Optical methods involve using instruments like a tacheometer or triangulation to measure distances through optical observations. Electromagnetic methods rely on technologies like radio waves, light waves, or infrared waves to measure distances. The document then focuses on direct measurement using a chain, the different types of chains, how they are tested and adjusted, and how to adjust a chain if it is too long or too short.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PPT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    18 vizualizări13 pagini

    Lecture3 Mailed

    Încărcat de

    Marcos Morrison
    This document discusses different methods for making linear measurements in surveying. It describes three main methods: direct measurements, optical methods, and electromagnetic methods. Direct measurements involve actually measuring distances on the ground using tools like chains or tapes. Optical methods involve using instruments like a tacheometer or triangulation to measure distances through optical observations. Electromagnetic methods rely on technologies like radio waves, light waves, or infrared waves to measure distances. The document then focuses on direct measurement using a chain, the different types of chains, how they are tested and adjusted, and how to adjust a chain if it is too long or too short.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PPT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 13

    LINEAR MEASUREMENTS

    The horizontal distance between points, is required to


    be measured in order to prepare plan or map of the area
    surveyed.
    There are various methods of making linear
    measurements and their relative merit depends upon
    the degree of precision required.
    They can be mainly divided into three heads
    1. Direct Measurements
    2. Measurement by Optical means
    3. Electro-magnetic Methods

    DIRECT MEASUREMENTS
    Distances are actually measured on the ground with the
    help of chain or a tape or any other equipment.
    OPTICAL METHODS
    Observation are taken through a telescope and
    calculations are done for the distances e.g. in
    tacheometery or triangulation
    ELECTRO-MAGNETIC METHODS
    Distances are measured with instruments that rely on
    propagation, reflection and subsequent reception of either
    radio waves, light waves or infrared waves.

    DIRECT MEASUREMENTS
    1. Pacing
    2. Measurement with passometer
    3. Measurement with pedometer
    4. Measurement by odometer and speedometer
    5. Chaining

    INSTRUMENTS FOR CHAINING


    1. Chain or Tape
    2. Arrows
    3. Pegs
    4. Ranging Rods
    5. Plum bob

    CHAIN
    Straight links of galvanised mild steel wire bent into
    rings at the ends and joined each other by three small
    circular or oval wire rings.
    Length of a link is the distance between two
    consecutive middle rings.
    Length is from outside of one handle to the outside of
    the other handle.

    Various Types of Chains


    Metric Chains
    Gunters Chain or Surveyors Chain
    Engineers Chain
    Revenue Chain
    Steel Band or band Chain

    Metric Chains IS 1492 (5 & 10 m length)

    Tallies ( for 5m and 10 m chains)

    Gunters Chain or Surveyors chain


    o
    o
    o
    o

    66 feet long with 100 links


    Used for land measurement since
    10 square chains = 1 acre
    80 Gunters chain = 1 mile

    Engineers Chain
    o 100 feet long with 100 links

    Revenue Chain
    o 33 feet long with 16 links
    o Mainly used for cadastral survey

    Steel band or band Chain


    o Long narrow strip of steel
    o Length: 20 or 30 m

    Steel band or band Chain


    It is divided by brass studs at every 20 cm and
    numbered at every meter.
    The first and last links are subdivided into cm and
    mm.

    Testing and Adjustment of Chain


    With reference to a standard chain
    Permanent/temporary test gauge
    The overall length of a chain, when measured at 8 kg
    pull and checked against a steel tape standardized at
    20C, shall be within following limits
    20 meter chain: 5 mm
    30 meter chain: 8 mm

    Adjustment of Length of chain if:


    Chain is found to be short

    Straightening of links
    Flattening of the rings
    Replacing one or more rings by bigger ones
    Inserting additional circular rings
    Adjusting the link at the end

    Chain if found to be long

    Closing the points of the rings if opened out


    Reshaping the elongated rings
    Removing one or more small circular rings
    Replacing worn out rings
    Adjusting the links at ends

    Adjustment must be made symmetrically so that the position of the central peg
    does not alter

    S-ar putea să vă placă și