2

TOPIC

Engine design and

operating parameters

What do we need from engine?

Satisfactory performance over its operating range
Low fuel consumption
Low noise and emissions
Low initial cost
High reliability and durability

Engine performance definitions

Maximum rated power. The highest power an engine is
allowed to develop for short periods of operation.
Normal or nominal rated power. The highest power an
engine is allowed to develop in continuous operation.
Rated speed. The crankshaft rotational speed at which
rated power is developed.

Geometrical properties

Geometrical properties
Compression ratio
rc

Vd Vc
Vc

8 12 for SI
12 24 for CI

Geometrical properties
Compression ratio
rc

Vd Vc
Vc

8 12 for SI
12 24 for CI

Ratio of cylinder bore to piston stroke

Rbs B L

0.8 1.2 Small

0.5 Large, slow speed

Geometrical properties
Compression ratio
rc

Vd Vc
Vc

8 12 for SI
12 24 for CI

Ratio of cylinder bore to piston stroke

Rbs B L

0.8 1.2 Small

0.5 Large, slow speed

Ratio of connecting rod length to crank radius

Rl a

L 2a

3 4 Small
5 9 Large, slow speed

Cylinder volume at any crank position

Cylinder volume at any crank position

Piston at TDC

V Vc

Piston at BDC

V Vc Vd

At any crank angle

V Vc V

B2
V
l a s
4
where s is the distance between the crank axis
and the piston pin axis and is given by

s a cos l a sin
2

12

Cylinder volume at any crank position

V
1
1 rc 1 R 1 cos R 2 sin 2
Vc
2

Combustion chamber surface area

A Ach Ap B l a s
Cylinder head surface area

Ach

Piston crown surface area

B2
Ap
4

A Ach Ap

BL
R 1 cos R 2 sin 2
2

Piston speed

Piston speed
Instantaneous piston speed

Sp

ds ds d

dt d dt

d
2 N
dt
Sp

ds
2 N
d

s a cos l a sin
2

After differentiation

cos

S p LN sin 1

2
2
R sin

12

Piston speed vs crank angle

Mean piston speed

Mean piston speed

S p 2 LN
Better than using rotational speed (RPM)
Gas flow velocities in the intake manifold and cylinder all scale with
mean piston speed
Flow resistance and stresses limit maximum values to within the
range 8 to 15 m/s
Lower end is typical for large industrial engines
High end is typical of automotive engines

Brake torque and power

Torque is a work
Power is a rate at which work is done
Brake power is a usable power delivered by engine to consumer

Brake torque and power

Torque is a work
Power is a rate at which work is done
Brake power is a usable power delivered by engine to consumer

Brake torque and power

Torque is a work
Power is a rate at which work is done
Brake power is a usable power delivered by engine to consumer

T Fb
P T 2 NT

P kW 2 N rev/s T N.m 103

Indicated work per cycle

Wc ,i
pdV

Indicated work per cycle

Wc ,i
pdV

Wc ,ig area A + area C

Gross indicated work per cycle Wc ,ig is the work delivered to the piston
over the compression and expansion strokes only

Indicated work per cycle

Wc ,i
pdV

Wc ,ig area A + area C

Wc ,in area A area B

Gross indicated work per cycle Wc ,ig is the work delivered to the piston
over the compression and expansion strokes only
Net indicated work per cycle Wc ,in is the work delivered to the piston
over the entire four-stroke cycle.

Indicated work per cycle

Wc ,i
pdV

Wc ,ig area A + area C

Wc ,in area A area B
W p area B area C
Gross indicated work per cycle Wc ,ig is the work delivered to the piston
over the compression and expansion strokes only
Net indicated work per cycle Wc ,in is the work delivered to the piston
over the entire four-stroke cycle.
Pumping work W p is the work transfer between piston and cylinder
gases during inlet and exhaust strokes

Pumping work

Pumping work transfer will be

- from piston to gases if the pressure during the intake stroke is less
than the pressure during the exhaust stroke (naturally aspirated
engines)
- from gases to piston if the exhaust stroke pressure is lower than
intake pressure (turbocharged engines)

Indicated power

Indicated power
The power per cylinder is related to the indicated work per cycle by

Pi

Wc ,i N
nR

where nR is the number of crank revolutions for each power stroke per
cylinder.
For four-stroke cycles, nR = 2, for two-stroke cycles, nR = 1
Indicated power differs from brake power by the power absorbed in
overcoming engine friction, driving engine accessories, and (in the case of
gross indicated power) the pumping power
We will use mostly gross indicated work and power
Terms brake and indicated are used to describe other parameters

Mechanical efficiency

Mechanical efficiency
Brake power is the gross indicated power diminished by the friction power

Pb Pig Pf
Friction power is defined as power required to overcome the flow friction,
friction of the bearings, pistons, and other mechanical components of the
engine, and to drive the engine accessories
Friction power may be determine by driving unfired engine with a
dynamometer

Mechanical
efficiency

Pf
Pb
m
1
Pig
Pig

90 to 75% under load

0 at idling

Road-load power
Road-load power is the power required to drive a vehicle on a level road
at a steady speed

Pr CR M v g a CD Av Sv2 Sv
2

Coefficient of rolling resistance

0.012 CR 0.015

Drag coefficient

0.3 CR 0.5

Mean effective pressure

Mean effective pressure

Mean effective pressure the ratio of work per cycle and
swept volume:

In terms of power

Wc
mep
Vd

Pn R
mep
Vd N
In terms of torque

2 nRT
mep
Vd

Mean effective pressure

The constant pressure that would have to exist to do the same
work over Vd as is done by the actual cycle.

A better measure of engine work than torque

Depends more on engine design than engine size
At maximum torque:
Naturally aspirated: 850 to 1050 kPa
Turbocharged: 1250 to 1700 kPa
These are about 10% lower at maximum power

Example
A four-cylinder automotive spark-ignition engine is being designed to
provide a maximum brake torque of 150 Nm in the mid-speed range
( 3000 rev/min).
Estimate:
- the required engine displacement,
- bore and stroke,
- and the maximum brake power the engine will deliver.

Reference table

Example
A four-cylinder automotive spark-ignition engine is being designed to
provide a maximum brake torque of 150 Nm in the mid-speed range
( 3000 rev/min).
Estimate:
- the required engine displacement,
- bore and stroke,
- and the maximum brake power the engine will deliver.
Assumed values: bmep@maxT= 925 kPa, Rbs= 1,
Sp mean = 15 m/s, bmep@Pmax= 800 kPa

Example (solution)
Displacement
2nr T
mep
Vd

Vd

2 nRTmax 6.28 2 150 (N m)

2 dm3
bmep
925(kPa)

Example (solution)
Bore and stroke

Vd 4 B 2 L
4

Vd
BL
86 mm

Example (solution)
Maximum brake power

S p max 2 LN max 15 m s
N max 87 rev s 5200 rev min

Pb max

bmepVd N max 800 kPa 2 dm3 87 rev s

70 kW
3
nR
2 10

Example
A four-cylinder automotive spark-ignition engine is being designed to
provide a maximum brake torque of 150 Nm in the mid-speed range
( 3000 rev/min).
Estimate:
- the required engine displacement,
- bore and stroke,
- and the maximum brake power the engine will deliver.
Assumed values: bmep@maxT= 925 kPa, Rbs= 1,
Sp mean = 15 m/s, bmep@Pmax= 800 kPa
Answer: 2 dm3; 86/86 mm, 70 kW

Specific fuel consumption

Specific fuel consumption

Specific fuel consumption is the fuel flow rate per unit power output

sfc

m f
P

With units

sfc mg/J

m&f g/s
P kW

Typical values 270 g/kWh

or

sfc g/kW.h

200 g/kWh

m&f g/h
P kW

Engine efficiency
Dimensionless
Relates power output to rate of energy input (second law efficiency)
Heating value QHV is required
Typical values of QHV 42 to 44 MJ/kg

Fuel conversion efficiency

Wc

Pn R N
P
f

m f QHV m f n R N QHV m f QHV

In terms of sfc:

1
f
sfc QHV
With units

3600
f
sfc g/kW.h QHV MJ/kg

Air/fuel ratio
m a
A F
m f

or

SI engine

12 A F 18

CI engines

18 A F 70

F A

m f
m a

Volumetric efficiency
defined for four-stroke engines only

Volume flow rate of air into intake system divided by the rate
at which volume is displaced by the piston

Volumetric efficiency
defined for four-stroke engines only

Volume flow rate of air into intake system divided by the rate
at which volume is displaced by the piston
2m a
v
i,aVd N

Physical meaning?

or

ma
v
a,iVd

Volumetric efficiency
Ratio of air mass inducted during one induction stroke to the
potential mass, i.e. the air mass that would occupy the
swept volume at inlet air density:

mass inducted
v
potential mass
ma N
&
ma
2

2m&a
ma
N
ma
2m&a
v

a,iVd i,aVd N

potential mass a,iVd

Volumetric efficiency
Air density may be taken as:
inlet manifold air density to measure pumping performance
of inlet port and valve only
atmosphere air density to measure pumping performance
of entire inlet system
In the latter case volumetric efficiency of turbocharged
engine may be greater than unity

Specific weight and volume

engine weight
Specific weight =
rated power

engine volume
Specific volume =
rated power

These show effectiveness of use of engine materials

Specific emissions
mass flow rate of pollutant
specific emission =
power output

For example
sNO x

m&NOx
P

kW h

Some useful relationships

For power

Some useful relationships

For power
For four-stroke engines only

f ma NQHV F A
nR

Some useful relationships

For power
For four-stroke engines only

For torque

f ma NQHV F A
nR

f v NVd QHV a,i F A

2

Some useful relationships

For power
For four-stroke engines only

For torque

For mean effective pressure

f ma NQHV F A
nR

f v NVd QHV a,i F A

2

f vVd QHV a,i F A

4

Some useful relationships

For power
For four-stroke engines only

For torque

For mean effective pressure

f ma NQHV F A
nR

f v NVd QHV a,i F A

2

f vVd QHV a,i F A

4

mep f v QHV a,i F A

Some useful relationships

For specific power power per unit piston area

P f v NLQHV a ,i F A

Ap
2
with mean piston speed

P f v S p QHV a ,i F A

Ap
4

Use of relationships developed

They show importance to engine performance of:
1. High fuel conversion efficiency
2. High volumetric efficiency
3. Increasing the output of a given displacement engine by increasing
the inlet air density
4. Maximum fuel/air ratio that can be usefully burned in the engine
5. High mean piston speed

Use of normalized performance parameters

Engine ratings indicate rated power, maximum torque and speed at which
it is achieved.
These parameters depend on displacement volume.
To compare engines of different displacements normalized performance
parameters are useful

Use of normalized performance parameters

At maximum rated point:

Mean piston speed. Measures comparative success in handling loads

due to inertia and/or engine friction

Brake mean effective pressure. In naturally aspirated engines bmep is

not stress limited, and reflects the ability to induct air (volumetric
efficiency), effectiveness of air utilization (F/A), and fuel conversion
efficiency. In turbocharged engines bmep indicates the success in
handling higher gas pressure and thermal loading

Power per unit piston area. Measures the effectiveness at which the
piston area is used regardless of cylinder size

Specific weight. Indicates relative economy with which materials are

used

Specific volume. Indicates relative effectiveness with which engine

space has been utilized

Use of normalized performance parameters

At all speeds with full throttle or with maximum fuel pump settings:

Brake mean effective pressure. Measures ability to provide high air

flow and use it effectively over the full range

At all regimes:

Brake specific fuel consumption or fuel conversion efficiency

Brake specific emissions

Problem 2.9

Higher B/L ratio, pros and cons

Pros
Engine speed N can be increased without increase in mean
piston speed and, consequently, without increase of frictional
losses, both flow and rubbing
Increased volumetric efficiency due to lower flow velocity and
increased valve area
Decreased heat transfer to cooling system

Cons
Increased mass (length and width increases, height is the
same)
Higher probability of knock combustion for SI Engines
Design consideration (balancing counterweights can meet
piston at BDC)

Piston displacement, speed and acceleration at any crank angle

Piston displacement

L a 1 cos
1 cos 2
4R

Piston speed

S a sin
sin 2
2R

Piston acceleration

a 2 a cos cos 2
R