VIROLOGI

Morfologi, klasifikasi dan sifat

umum
By
Sy. Miftahul El J.T

Virus
Partikel infeksius yang terkecil
Diameter: 18 300 nanometer [sebagian besar
di bawah 200 nm] tidak dapat diamati
dengan mikroskop cahaya
Terdapat 25 famili, 1550 spesies beberapa
penyebab penyakit pada manusia
Partikel virus berisi molekul asam nukleat
DNA atau RNA, terbungkus oleh kapsid
[protein]

 Virus True parasites membutuhkan

host untuk replikasi
Virus parasit intrasellular obligat

Sifat Umum virus

1. Definition and Properties of a Virus
Viruses are filterable agents.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
Viruses cannot make energy or proteins independently of a host cell.
Viral genomes may be RNA or DNA but not both.
Viruses have a naked capsid or an envelope morphology.
Viral components are assembled and do not replicate by "division."
2. Consequences of Viral Properties
Viruses are not living.
Viruses must be infectious to endure in nature.
Viruses must be able to use host cell processes to produce their
components (viral messenger RNA, protein, and identical copies of
the genome).
Viruses must encode any required processes not provided by the cell.
Viral components must self-assemble.

Sifat Umum virus

3. Means of Classification and Naming of Viruses
Structure: size, morphology, and nucleic acid (e.g.,
picornavirus [small RNA], togavirus)
Biochemical characteristics: structure and mode
of replication*
Disease: encephalitis and hepatitis viruses, for
example
Means of transmission: arbovirus spread by
insects, for example
Host cell (host range): animal (human, mouse,
bird), plant, bacteria
Tissue or organ (tropism): adenovirus and
enterovirus, for example

Components of the basic virion.

Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 16 December 2009 04:15 PM)
2005 Elsevier

The DNA viruses and their morphology. The viral families

are determined by the structure of the genome and the
morphology of the virion.

Families of DNA Viruses and Some Important

Members
Family
POXVIRIDAE

Members
Smallpox virus, vaccinia virus, monkeypox,
molluscum contagiosum

Herpesviridae Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicellazoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus,
cytomegalovirus, human herpesviruses 6, 7,
and 8
Adenoviridae

Adenovirus

Hepadnavirid
ae

Hepatitis B virus

Polyoma
viridae

JC virus, BK virus, SV40

Papilloma
Papilloma virus
*The italicized virus is the important, or prototype, virus for
viridae
the family.
Parvoviridae
Parvovirus
B19,ofadeno-associated
virus

The size of type

is indicative
the relative size of
the

Properties of Virions of Human DNA Viruses

Family

Genome*

Viron

Molecula
r Mass
106
Daltons

Nature

Shape

Size (nm)

DNA
Polymerase

Poxviridae

85-140

ds, linear

Brick-shaped,
enveloped

300 x240x100

Herpesvirida
e

100-150

ds, linear

Icosahedral,
enveloped

Capsid, 100110 Envelope,

120-200

Adenoviridae

20-25

ds, linear

Icosahedral

70-90

Hepadnavirid
ae

1.8

ds, circular Spherical,

enveloped

42

+[Verbar]

Polyoma and
papilloma
viridae

3-5

ds, circular

Icosahedral

45-55

Parvoviridae

1.5-2.0

ss, linear

Icosahedral

18-26

*Genome invariably a single molecule.Polymerase encoded by virus.Polymerase

carried in the virion.

Circular molecule is double-stranded for most of its length but contains a single-

The RNA viruses, their genome structure, and

their morphology. The viral families are
determined by the structure of the genome and
the morphology of the virion.

Families of RNA Viruses and Some Important Members

Family

Members*

Paramyxoviridae

Parainfluenza virus, Sendai virus, measles virus, mumps virus, respiratory

syncytial virus, metapneumovirus

Orthomyxovirida
e

Influenza virus types A, B, and C

Coronaviridae

Coronavirus, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

Arenaviridae

Lassa fever virus, Tacaribe virus complex (Junin and Machupo viruses),
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Rhabdoviridae

Rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus

Filoviridae

Ebola virus, Marburg virus

Bunyaviridae

California encephalitis virus, LaCrosse virus, sandfly fever virus, hemorrhagic

fever virus, Hanta virus

Retroviridae

Human T-cell leukemia virus types I and II, human immunodeficiency virus,
animal oncoviruses

Reoviridae

Rotavirus, Colorado tick fever virus

Picornaviridae

Rhinoviruses, poliovirus, echoviruses, coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus

Togaviridae

Rubella virus; western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; Ross
River virus; Sindbis virus; Semliki Forest virus

Flaviviridae

Yellow fever virus, dengue virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile virus,
hepatitis C virus

Noroviridae

Norwalk virus, calicivirus

*The
virusagent
is the important or prototype virus for the
Delta italicized Delta
family.

Properties of Virions of Human RNA Viruses

Family

Genome*

Virion

Molecula Nature
r Mass
106
Daltons

Shape*

Size
(nm)

Polymer
ase in
Virion

Envelo
pe

Paramyxovirid
ae

5-7

ss, -

Spherical

150-300

Orthomyxoviri
dae

5-7

ss, -, seg

Spherical

80-120

Coronaviridae

6-7

ss, +

Spherical

80-130

Arenaviridae

3-5

ss, -, seg

Spherical

50-300

Rhabdoviridae

4-7

ss, -

Bulletshaped

180 x75

Filoviridae

4-7

ss, -

Filamentous

800 x 80

Bunyaviridae

4-7

ss, -

Spherical

90-100

Retroviridae

2 (2-3)

ss, +

Spherical

80-110

Reoviridae

11-15

ds, seg

Icosahedral

60-80

Picornaviridae

2.5

ss, +

Icosahedral

25-30

Togaviridae

4-5

ss, +

Icosahedral

60-70

*Some enveloped viruses are very pleomorphic (sometimes filamentous). No matrix protein.
Flaviviridae
4-7identical single-stranded
ss, +
Spherical
40-50 transcriptase.ds,
+

Genome has two

RNA
molecules. Reverse
Double

Relative
sizes
of
viruses
and
bacteria.
(Courtesy
the
Upjohn
Company
,
Kalamazo
o, Mich.)

Kapsid
Kapsid
tersusun
atas
protein
biasanya
glikoprotein menentukan hubungan spesifik
antara virus dengan inang/host/pejamu nya
Mempunyai
tempat
pengikatan
yang
memungkinkan virus menempel pd tempat
reseptor yg khas pada sel inang
Kapsid
melindungi
asam
nukleat
dan
memfasilitasi pengikatan dan penetrasi virus
pada sel inang
Bertanggung jawab terhadap bentuk virion

The structures of
a naked capsid
virus (top left)
and
enveloped
viruses with an
icosahedral (left)
nucleocapsid or a
helical
(right)
ribonucleocapsid.
The
helical
ribonucleocapsid
is formed by viral
proteins
associated with
an RNA genome.

Viral Structure: Naked

Capsid

1. Component : Protein
2. Properties : Is environmentally stable to the following:
Temperature
Acid
Proteases
Detergents
Drying

Is released from cell by lysis

3. Consequences :

Can be spread easily (on fomites, from hand to hand, by dust, by small
droplets)
Can dry out and retain infectivity
Can survive the adverse conditions of the gut
Can be resistant to detergents and poor sewage treatment
Antibody may be sufficient for immunoprotection

Capsid assembly of
the
icosahedral
capsid
of
a
picornavirus.
Individual proteins
associate
into
subunits,
which
associate
into
protomers,
capsomeres, and an
empty
procapsid.
Inclusion of the (+)
RNA
genome
triggers
its
conversion to the
final capsid form.
Printed from:
Medical
Microbiology 5E (on
10 December 2010)

Cryoelectron microscopy and

computer-generated
threedimensional
image
reconstructions of several
icosahedral capsids. These
images show the symmetry
of capsids and the individual
capsomeres.
During
assembly, the genome may
fill the capsid through the
holes in the herpesvirus and
papovavirus capsomeres. 1,
Equine
herpesvirus
nucleocapsid;
2,
simian
rotavirus; 3, reovirus type 1
(Lang) virion; 4, intermediate
subviral particle (reovirus); 5,
core (inner capsid) particle
(reovirus);
6,
human
papillomavirus type 19; 7,
mouse
polyomavirus;
8,
cauliflower mosaic virus. Bar
= 50 nm. (Courtesy Dr. Tim

Virus Structure: Envelope

1. Components :
Membrane
Lipids
Proteins
Glycoproteins
2. Properties : Is environmentally labile-is disrupted by the following:
Acid
Detergents
Drying
Heat
Modifies cell membrane during replication
Is released by budding and cell lysis
3. Consequences : Must stay wet
o Cannot survive the gastrointestinal tract
o Spreads in large droplets, secretions, organ transplants, and blood transfusions
o Does not need to kill the cell to spread
o May need antibody and cell-mediated immune response for protection and control
o Elicits hypersensitivity and inflammation to cause immunopathogenesis

Steps in Viral Replication

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Recognition of the target cell

Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
Macromolecular synthesis
a. Early messenger RNA (mRNA) and nonstructural protein
synthesis: genes for enzymes and nucleic acid-binding proteins
b. Replication of genome
c. Late mRNA and structural protein synthesis
d. Post-translational modification of protein
6. Assembly of virus
7. Budding of enveloped viruses
8. Release of virus

IH
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