State-Space Averaging

approximates the switching

converter as a continuous linear
system
requires that the effective output
filter corner frequency to be much
smaller than the switching frequency

State-Space Averaging
Procedures for state-space averaging
Step 1: Identify switched models over a switching cycle.
Draw the linear switched circuit model for each state of the
switching converter (e.g., currents through inductors and
voltages across capacitors).
Step 2: Identify state variables of the switching converter.
Write state equations for each switched circuit model using
Kirchoff's voltage and current laws.
Step 3: Perform state-space averaging using the duty cycle
as a weighting factor and combine state equations into a
single averaged state equation. The state-space averaged
equation is

x = [ A1d + A2 (1- d)] x + [ B1 d + B 2 (1- d)] u .

Power switching
converters

Dynamic analysis of switching

converters

State-Space Averaging
Step 4: Perturb the averaged state
equation to yield steady-state (DC)
and dynamic (AC) terms and eliminate
the product of any AC terms.
Step 5: Draw the linearized equivalent
circuit model.
Step 6: Perform hybrid modeling
using a DC transformer, if desired.
Power switching
converters

Dynamic analysis of switching

converters

State-Space Averaged Model for an

Ideal Buck Converter

Power switching
converters

Dynamic analysis of switching

converters

State-Space Averaged Model for an

Ideal Buck Converter

x1 = C x 2 +

u1 L x1 x2

x
1
=
x
1
2
C

1
-
1
L x 1
+ L [ u1 ]

1
- x 2 0
RC

x1 = C x 2 +

0 = L x1+ x2

x
1
=
x
1
2
C

x2
R

1
-
L x 1

1 x 2
RC

Power switching
converters

x2
R

0
+
0 [ u1 ]

Dynamic analysis of switching

converters

State-Space Averaged Model for an

Ideal Buck Converter
0

A=

1
C

1
0

1
-

L
L
(1- d)
d+

1
1
1

-
C

RC
RC

B = L d +

Power switching
converters

0
0

d
L .
(1- d) =

0

A=

1
C

1
-
L
.
1
-
RC

x
1
=
x
1
2
C

Dynamic analysis of switching

converters

1
-
d
L x 1
+ L [ u1 ] .

1 x 2
0

RC

State-Space Averaged Model for an

Ideal Boost Converter

Power switching
converters

Dynamic analysis of switching

converters

State-Space Averaged Model

for an Ideal Boost Converter

u 1 = L x1

u 2 = C x2 +

1
0
0

x 1 L

x1 = 0
+
1

- x 2 0
x
2
RC

u 1 = L x1 + x 2

x2
R

0
u1
.

1 u 2
C

x1 + u 2 = C x 2 +

x2
R

1
0
1 o

L x 1 L u 1
x1 =
.
+

1
1
0
1
x
x
u

2
- 2
2
C

C
RC

Power switching
converters

Dynamic analysis of switching

converters

State-Space Averaged Model for an

Ideal Boost Converter
1
0
0
0

A = A1 d A2 (1 d ) = 0
d
+

(1- d)
1

1
1
-

-
RC

RC
C

A=

1
L
B = B1 d B2 (1 d ) =
0

1
L
B=
0

x1 =
x
(1- d)
2
C

Power switching
converters

(1- d)
C

0
1 0

L
(1- d)
d+

1
0
1

-(1- d)
1 0

x 1 L u 1
L
+

1 x 2 0 1 u 2

C
RC

Dynamic analysis of switching

converters

-(1- d)
L
.
1
RC

.
1
C

-(1- d)x 2

L
x1 =

(1- d) x 1 x 2
x

2
C
RC

u1
L
+
.

u2
C

10

Buck Boost Converter

Power switching
converters

Dynamic analysis of switching

converters

11