Sustainable Architecture

Sustainable Architecture
Lecture -02
Passive Building Design Concept Part -01
GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND
DESIGN, SONIPAT HARYANA
Passive heating
Passive heating techniques/concepts
Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.
G.C.A.D.
Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Asst. Prof. Parul Saini
PASSIVE BUILDING DESIGN CONCEPTS

For almost all types of climatic conditions, there are few passive design
concepts that help building designers to develop buildings that are
comfortable with very little or even without use of any artificial device.
These concepts have been classified in the following categories:
Passive heating systems
Passive cooling systems
Passive ventilation systems
G.C.A.D.

PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS

The concept of passive heating essentially consists of increasing the
heat gain and reducing the heat loss inside a building without
conventional heating methods that utilize fossil fuels or electrical
energy .
Such concepts are typically useful for building located in cold
climates where the buildings are to be kept warmer than their
surroundings. Almost all the concepts of passive heating utilize
combination of the following three elements or stages:
Collection of naturally available energy/heat.
Storage of collected energy.
Use of stored energy in a controlled fashion for achieving
thermal comfort.
G.C.A.D.

Passive heating systems can be classified in three categories

depending upon the source of heat:
Use of solar energy
Use of ambient energy [other than solar energy]
Use of internal sources of heat
G.C.A.D.

USE OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR HEATING

Sun is the largest and most preferred naturally available source of
energy for passive heating.
Concepts that utilize solar energy for heating of buildings are
term as [solar passive concept].
Performance of the solar passive heating concepts is based upon
maximizing solar exposure and capture of solar radiation .
In addition, heat losses from any building are to be minimized for
ensuring a high value of net solar heat gain .
Capture of solar radiation alternatively term as [solar heat gain]
in a building can be achieved either through entry of solar
radiation in a building or through some indirect method that
capture the heat of solar radiation and transfer the heating effect
to the building.
G.C.A.D.

All the solar passive heating have been arranged in three groups:
Direct solar heat gain
In direct solar heat gain
Combined solar heat gain
G.C.A.D.

1. DIRECT SOLAR HEAT GAIN

This is a straight forward concept in
which the solar radiation is admitted
through a window or wall of glass
facing south direction to admit
maximum solar radiation in winter
and to heat walls , floors and objects
[consequently the room air] lying in
the room.
Double glazing is used to reduced
heat loss and during night time ,
curtains or any other form of
insulation is used to helps to cover
the window/curtain wall.
G.C.A.D.

2.SOLAR HEMICYCLE
Similarly , solar hemicycle
is another concepts_
The plan of building is
shaped like a rising sun
with the north wall buried
into the earth up to the
window sill level .
The ring shaped earth wall
protects the ground floor
from wing and weather.
G.C.A.D.

3.SLAYED WALLS AND WINDOW FRAMES.

The window in direct heat gain system should also allow the
penetration of solar radiation deeper in to the space to let it fall
on surfaces that can absorb and store heat.
Display splaying the wall and window frames that help in
increasing the solar gain.
G.C.A.D.

4. CLEAR STORY AND SKY LIGHTS

The admittance of direct sunlight through south facing window is
not feasible in many situations .
In such cases the clerestory and skylight help in admitting the
desired amount of solar radiation.
The size of a solar window determines the average temperature
in a space over the day.
Hence it should be determined corresponding to the local
parameters of each location such as heating degree days and
availability of solar radiation.
G.C.A.D.

Cleary Story Window

Sky lighter.
G.C.A.D.

5. USING REFLECTORS
The amount of solar radiation received at any window
opening is fixed by the season and time .
Although the intensity of directly incident solar radiation
cannot be increased , irradiation received by the surrounding
surfaces can be reflected into the opening , thereby increasing
the effective collector area of the window.
G.C.A.D.

TWO TYPES OF HINGED SHUTTER-REFLECTORS

FOR INCREASING SOLAR HEATING GAIN
Use of hinged shutters on top and bottom ,for increasing the
solar gain .
Top hinged shutters can be employed on windows beneath a
large overhang.
An overhang above this type of shutters is essential for
protection against snow and ice.
Top hinged shutter reflector is very useful in the months of
December and January ,when the sun goes very low.
With this arrangement ,angel of shutter can be lowered to
increasing the heat gain without affecting the outside view .
G.C.A.D.

G.C.A.D.

6. STAIR CASE
For composite climates, where heat gain
required in winters and protection from
direct solar radiation is required in
summer ,staircase arrangement having
horizontal reflectors and vertical glazing
can be adopted .
In this technique of combining vertical
glazing and horizontal reflector , solar
radiation enters the living space when
sun is at low altitude i.E. During
winters .
In summer months ,when sun take a
higher altitude ,solar radiation is
reflected back by the reflector to the sky.
G.C.A.D.

INDIRECT HEAT GAIN

Unlike the direct heat gain , in the concept of heat gain ,solar
energy is introduced into the room in an indirect fashion .
Various option of indirect heat gain have been explained in
this section.
1.Normal glazed thermal storage wall
In this technique heat from solar radiation is indirectly taken
as a result of conduction through the wall and subsequent
convection and long wave radiation emitted by thermal
wall.
A thermal mass wall of concrete or masonry usually facing
south blackened and glazed is used for this purpose.
The advantage of this method is that it greatly reduces
temperature fluctuations in the room air which is the
disadvantages of direct solar heat gain methods.
G.C.A.D.

G.C.A.D.

2.STAGGERED BUILDING
DESIGN FOR INCREASING
HEAT GAIN
The required elements of this
techniques of passive heating are a
large south facing glazed collector
area with thermal storage mass
directly behind it .
Such an arrangement is found to
The predominant requirement for
be effective upto a depth of 5-6
heat gain is a south facing glass
meter behind the thermal wall since which functions as a heat trapping
this is considered to be maximum material.
distance for an effective radiative
heating.
G.C.A.D.

3. TROMBE WALL
This concept can be considered as a
modification of the thermal storage
wall.
It has openings in the thermal storage
wall towards the top and the bottom to
allow the self-sustaining distribution of
heat in the building.
On a clear winter day, it is possible to
get temperature of air between the
glazing and the absorber up to 70
degree Celsius by properly sizing the
thermal storage ,it is possible to get a
heat flow into the room even 2-3 hours
after sunset till the wall surface gets
cooled.
G.C.A.D.

G.C.A.D.

COMBINED DIRECT AND INDIRECT HEAT GRAIN

Thee disadvantage of direct heat gain for space heating .is that
the space gets heated up rapidly.
Similarly ,after sunset space gets cooled rapidly too.
In contrast a thermal storage wall for indirect heat gain
absorbs radiation for several hours before it begins to heat up
the living space but it continues to provide heat even after the
sunset.
[a] THERMOSIPHON AIR PANEL[TAP]
A TAP is essentially a solar energy collector for air heating
without a storage medium that is usually fitted in the south wall
of a building for supplying warm air to the building space.
It is typically suitable to the cold desert climatic conditions
G.C.A.D.

SCHEMATIC OF A THERMOSIPHON AIR PANEL[TAP]
ENERGY BALANCE OF A TAP WITH VARIATIONS IN ABSORBER
PLATE DESIGN
G.C.A.D.

AN AIR HEATING TAP WITH OPERATING CONDITIONS

USE OF TAP ON INCLINED ROOF
G.C.A.D.

2. Glass house
As the name suggest glass house are closed envelopes made of
glass.
These are also one form of combination of direct and indirect
heat gain offer scope of integrating appealing architecture
elements in a building with passive heating opportunity glass
house attached with a building
G.C.A.D.

DIFFERENT VARIATIONS IN THE USE OF GLASS HOUSE FOR SPACE HEATING
G.C.A.D.

G.C.A.D.

G.C.A.D.

USE OF AMBIENT HEAT FOR SPACE HEATING

The ambient heat available around the building [in ground and
water] can either be used for reducing transmission losses or it can
be used preheat the ambient air before it enters into the building
thereby reducing the heat losses due to ventilation
Basics about these concepts have been explain in the following subsections:
ENERGY FROM GROUND
Hourly .daily and seasonal fluctuations in the ambient temperature
are found only in the atmosphere and upper layers of the ground.
With increasing depth below the ground level , the temperature
fluctuation decrease and remain close to the annual means ambient
temperature only.
G.C.A.D.

ENERGY FROM WATER

Due to large heat capacity of water , there is relatively less
fluctuation in its temperature as compared to the fluctuation in
ambient air .
similar to the concept of earth air tunnel, under water tubes can
be laid to exchange heat from warmer water to heat ambient
air.
USE OF INTERNAL SOURCES OF HEAT
There are several living as well as non living sources of heat
in a building that can be utilized for keeping the building warm.
Living sources of heat are human beings or occupants ,
animals ,micro-organisms ,where non-living sources of heat
are various equipments such as lighting , cooking appliances
,washing machine etc.
G.C.A.D.

HEAT PRODUCTION BY HUMAN BEINGS

Due to metabolic reactions taking place continuously in
human body ,there is release of heat from human body that
varies considerably according to the activity level.
Dissipation of this heat to surrounding depends upon the
clothing , ambient temperature , movement of air , surface
temperature of surrounding building elements etc.
HEAT PRODUCTION BY MICRO-ORGANISMS
Garden debris , including pruning waste from trees and hedges
, brushwood from forests and other timber waste , which is
piled up to make a compost heap , gets decayed in due course
of time [in 6-12months] .
G.C.A.D.

WASTE ENERGY OF DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT

Domestic appliances such as refrigerators , release waste heat in
the building ,which can be used for heating the room.
The amount of energy or heat released varies with the equipment
rating and duration of its use.
G.C.A.D.

Source / Reference
Practical Handbook on Energy Conservation on Building
G.C.A.D.


Sustainable Architecture - 02

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Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

PASSIVE BUILDING DESIGN CONCEPTS

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Passive heating systems can be classified in three categories

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

USE OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR HEATING

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

1. DIRECT SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

3.SLAYED WALLS AND WINDOW FRAMES.

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

4. CLEAR STORY AND SKY LIGHTS

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Cleary Story Window

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

TWO TYPES OF HINGED SHUTTER-REFLECTORS

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

INDIRECT HEAT GAIN

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

COMBINED DIRECT AND INDIRECT HEAT GRAIN

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

AN AIR HEATING TAP WITH OPERATING CONDITIONS

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

Lecture -02 Sustainable Architecture B.Arch.

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

USE OF AMBIENT HEAT FOR SPACE HEATING

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

ENERGY FROM WATER

Asst. Prof. Lenin Sachdeva

HEAT PRODUCTION BY HUMAN BEINGS