ACCIDENT

STUDIES

PRESENTED BY
RAJESH JOSHI
2015PCT5055

NEERAJ MEENA
2015PCT5195
MNIT, JAIPUR

What is an Accident?

An accident may be defined as "any

unplanned event that causes, or has the
potential to cause, an injury or illness
and/or damage to person, buildings, or
the natural environment." Incidents
range from serious incidents and
emergencies to near-miss incidents where
there is no actual injury or damage.

What is an Road
Road accident
refer to any accident
Accident?
involving at least one road vehicle,
occurring on a road open to public
circulation.

FACTS

1.8

Nearly 1.3 million deaths

20-50 million injured

Number of deaths (millions)

1.3

1.3

<1

AIDS-related deaths Tuberculosis

UNAIDS 2008
WHO 2008

Road traffic
WHO 2008

Malaria
WHO 2008

 3, 500 killed daily, one very six

seconds.
Without concerted action, the
annual toll is forecast to rise to 1.9
million.
3500 deaths each dayand more
than half of these people are not
travelling in a car.
1% GNP for low income countries
1.5 % GNP for middle income

WORSENING SITUATION
Top 10 leading causes of death
2004
2030
Rank

Disease or Injury

Rank

Disease or Injury

Ischaemic heart disease

Ischaemic heart disease

Cerebrovascular disease

Cerebrovascular disease

Lower respiratory
infections

Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease

Lower respiratory
infections

Diarrhoeal diseases

Road traffic injuries

HIV/AIDS

Tuberculosis

Trachea, bronchus, lung

cancer

Trachea, bronchus, lung

cancer

Diabetes mellitus

Hypertensive heart
disease

Stomach cancer

10

HIV/AIDS

Road traffic injuries

10

Prematurity & low-birth

weight

India : 2011
Accidents 4.97 lakh (annual) (1 every
minute)
Deaths 1,42,485 (one death every 3.7
minutes)
Accidents impose significant costs
3% GDP for India

a: Incidence of Road Accide

1. Rise in number of accidents,
injuries & deaths per lakh of
population
Reflects rise in motor vehicle population,
increase in
duration & number of travel trips with rise in
income

Number of Road Accidents, Number of Persons Killed and

Number of Persons Injured Per Lakh Population: 1970 2011

2. Sharp decline in number of

accidents, injuries, & deaths per
10,000 vehicles
Reflects improved crash worthiness
vehicles & occupant protection better
enforcement

Number of Road Accidents, Number of Persons Killed and

Number of Persons Injured Per Ten Thousand Vehicles: 1970
2011

3. Rise in number of accidents,

injuries & deaths per 10,000 km
Reflects higher exposure to risk due to
heterogeneous nature of traffic, lack of
traffic separation etc.

Number of Road Accidents, Number of Persons Killed and

Number of Persons Injured Per Ten Thousand Kilometres of
Road Length: 1970 2011

Country-wise number of person killed per

Lakh population
In year 2009

INDIAS RANK 13TH

Deaths vs vehicle ownershi

90% of road traffic deaths and injuries occur in lowincome and middle-income countries which have
only 48% of the world's registered vehicles
Population

Road traffic deaths

Registered vehicles

Road traffic deaths

48%
Pedestrian, cyclists
and motorized
two-wheels riders
and passengers

6%
Others

46%
Car occupants

48% of road traffic deaths are pedestrians, cyclists and

motorcyclists

Poor countries have half the worlds cars

but almost all of its car accidents are fatal
because of following reasons1. Traffic laws, unawareness among the road users.
2.Poor infrastructure
Small, overcrowded roads,
poorly lit highways
absence of dividers and sidewalks etc
3.Older vehicles, which are far less suited to absorb and
withstand accidents
4.Majority of motor vehicle-related deaths occur among
pedestrians and in low- and middle-income countries
there are large number of population get around by

Accident analysis

Accident data collection

This is first step in accident
study.
The primary data collection is
primarily done by the police.
The motorist accident reports are
secondary data which are filed
by motorists themselves.

The data to be collected should

comprise all of these parameters:
1. General - Date, time, person involved
in accident, classification of accident
like fatal, serious, minor
2. Location - Description and detail of
location of accident.
3. Details of vehicle involved Registration number, description of
vehicle, loading detail, vehicular
defects

4. Nature of accident - Details of collision,

damages, injury and casualty.
5. Road and traffic condition - Details of
road geometry, surface characteristics ,
type of traffic, traffic density etc..
6. Primary causes of accident - Details of
various possible cases which are the
main causes of accident.
7. Accident cost - Financial losses
incurred due to property damage,
personal injury and casualty.

The purpose of data collection

are as follows:
1. Identification of location of points at
which unusually high number of
accident occur.
2. To identify the causes of accidents.
3. Development of different statistical
measures of various accident related
factors to give insight into general
trends, common casual factors, driver
profiles, etc.

Accident investigation
The accident data collection
involves the following procedure:
1. Reporting: It involves basic data
collection in form of two methods:
(a) Motorist accident report
(b) Police accident report

2. At Scene-Investigation:
Measurement of skid marks,
Examination of damage of vehicles,
Photograph of final position of
vehicles,
Examination of condition and
functioning of traffic control devices
and other road equipments.

3. Technical Preparation:
Measurement of grades and sight
distance,
Drawing of after accident situation
prepared,
Determination of critical and design
speed for curves is done.
4. Professional Reconstruction:
In this step effort is made to
determine from whatever data is
available how the accident occurs
from the available data.

5. Cause Analysis:
In this effort is made to determine
why the accident occurred from the
data available and the analysis of
accident reconstruction studies.

Accident reconstruction
The following data are required to
determine the pre-collision speed:
1. Mass of the vehicle
2. Velocities after collision
3. Path of each vehicle as it
approaches collision point.

The collision may be of two types :

1. Collinear impact
a. Rear end collision
b. Head-on collision.

2. Angular collision.

Preventive measures
1. Related to engineering
2. Related to enforcement
3. Related to education

1. Related to engineering
Road design
- sight distance
- horizontal alignment
- vertical alignment
- skid resistance value
- constructing flyovers and bypass
Maintenance of vehicles
- braking system
- steering and lighting arrangement

 Before and after studies

- collect and maintain records of accidents
before
and after the introduction of
preventive
measure to study their
efficiency
Road lighting
- decrease accident during night
- desirable at intersection etc.
Guide post with or without reflector
- provided at edges
- essential in hilly road
- reflector guide post useful in night

 Guard rail
- On high embankments, hilly roads, road
running parallel to the bank of river
etc.
- to retain the uncontrolled vehicle on the
roadway

Driver reviver stop

- generally in use in countries like U.S.A
- - here driver can stop and refresh himself
with food, recreation and rest.
- stops are required to be provided after
every 2
hour travel time.

2. Related to enforcement
Speed control
- tachometer may be fitted to record speed
- surprise check on specified locations
Traffic control devices
- signal systems
- signs
- markings
- channelizing islands

 Training and supervision

- authorities should be strict while issuing
licence
- driving licence of the driver may be
renewed
after specified period
Medical check
- drivers should be tested for vision and
reaction
time at prescribed intervals of
time

3. Related to education
(Vital for success of road safety as 78% of road
accidents
caused by drivers fault)
Education of road users
- passengers and pedestrians should be
taught the
rules of the road
- introducing necessary instruction in the
schools for
the children
- by posters exhibiting the serious results due
to
carelessness of road users.
- IRC has prepared Highway safety code
(IRC SP 044)

 Safety drive
- Imposing traffic safety week when the road
users
are properly directed by the help of
traffic police as
a means of training the
public.
education
through
films
and
documentaries.
- workshops should be organized for drivers
in
different parts of the country.

CONCLUSION

Road crash injury is largely preventable and predictable; it

is a human-made problem.
Traffic accident leads to loss of life and property.
The traffic system should help users to cope with
increasingly demanding conditions.
Road safety is a public health issue.
Road crash injury is a social equity issue equal protection
to all road users should be aimed for since non-motor
vehicle users bear a disproportionate share of road injury
and risk
Technology transfer from high-income to low-income
countries needs to fit local conditions.
Local knowledge needs to inform the implementation of
local solutions

REFERENCES
S K Khanna C E G Justo. Highway Engineering. Nem
Chand and Bros, Roorkee, 2001.
World report on road traffic injury prevention. World
Health Organization Geneva, 2004
Pawan Deshpande. ROAD SAFETY AND ACCIDENT
PREVENTION IN INDIA: A REVIEW, 2014
Report on Road Accidents in India 2011: Government
of India, Ministry of road transport and highways
Transport Research wing New Delhi, 2011
Indian Roads Congress, Highway Safety Code, IRC: SP:
44-1996.
Indian Roads Congress, Road Accident Recording form
IRC: 53: 2012