9 Beam Deflection

Third Edition
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
9 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
Deflection of Beams
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Deflection of Beams
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
Sample Problem 9.8
Equation of the Elastic Curve Moment-Area Theorems
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From
Application
the Load Di...
to Cantilever Beams and Beams W
Statically Indeterminate Beams Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts
Sample Problem 9.1 Sample Problem 9.11
Sample Problem 9.3 Application of Moment-Area Theorems to Beam
Method of Superposition Maximum Deflection
Sample Problem 9.7 Use of Moment-Area Theorems With Statically
Application of Superposition to Statically Indeterminate ...
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-2

Edition
Third

• Relationship between bending moment and
curvature for pure bending remains valid for
general transverse loadings.
1 M ( x)
=
ρ EI
• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

load at the free end,
1 Px
=−
ρ EI
• Curvature varies linearly with x

1
• At the free end A, = 0, ρA = ∞
ρA
1 EI
• At the support B, ≠ 0, ρ B =
ρB PL

Edition
Third

• Overhanging beam
• Reactions at A and C
• Bending moment diagram
• Curvature is zero at points where the bending
moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
1 M ( x)
=
ρ EI
• Beam is concave upwards where the bending
moment is positive and concave downwards
where it is negative.
• Maximum curvature occurs where the moment
magnitude is a maximum.
• An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve
is required to determine maximum deflection
and slope.
Edition
Third
Equation of the Elastic Curve

• From elementary calculus, simplified for beam
parameters,
d2y
1 dx 2 d2y
= ≈ 2
ρ  3 2
dx
 dy  
2
1 +   
  dx  
• Substituting and integrating,

1 d2y
EI = EI 2 = M ( x )
ρ dx
x
dy
= M ( x ) dx + C1
dx ∫
EI θ ≈ EI
0
x x
EI y = ∫ dx ∫ M ( x ) dx + C1x + C2
0 0

Edition
Third
Equation of the Elastic Curve

• Constants are determined from boundary
conditions
x x
EI y = ∫ dx ∫ M ( x ) dx + C1x + C2
0 0
• Three cases for statically determinant beams,

– Simply supported beam
y A = 0, yB = 0
– Overhanging beam
y A = 0, yB = 0
– Cantilever beam
y A = 0, θ A = 0
• More complicated loadings require multiple

integrals and application of requirement for
continuity of displacement and slope.
Edition
Third
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the

Load Distribution
• For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
dM d 2M dV
= V ( x) 2
= = − w( x )
dx dx dx
• Equation for beam displacement becomes

d 2M d4y
2
= EI 4
= − w( x )
dx dx
• Integrating four times yields

EI y ( x ) = − ∫ dx ∫ dx ∫ dx ∫ w( x ) dx
+ 16 C1x3 + 12 C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4
• Constants are determined from boundary

conditions.

Edition
Third
Statically Indeterminate Beams

• Consider beam with fixed support at A and roller
support at B.
• From free-body diagram, note that there are four
unknown reaction components.
• Conditions for static equilibrium yield
∑ Fx = 0 ∑ Fy = 0 ∑ M A = 0
The beam is statically indeterminate.

• Also have the beam deflection equation,
x x
EI y = ∫ dx ∫ M ( x ) dx + C1x + C2
0 0
which introduces two unknowns but provides
three additional equations from the boundary
conditions:
At x = 0, θ = 0 y = 0 At x = L, y = 0

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.1
SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x)
and derive differential equation for
elastic curve.
W 14 × 68 I = 723 in 4 E = 29 × 106 psi • Integrate differential equation twice

P = 50 kips L = 15 ft a = 4 ft and apply boundary conditions to
obtain elastic curve.
For portion AB of the overhanging beam, • Locate point of zero slope or point
(a) derive the equation for the elastic of maximum deflection.
curve, (b) determine the maximum
deflection, • Evaluate corresponding maximum
(c) evaluate ymax. deflection.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.1

SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x) and derive
differential equation for elastic curve.
- Reactions:
Pa  a
RA = ↓ RB = P1 +  ↑
L  L
- From the free-body diagram for section AD,

a
M = −P x ( 0 < x < L)
L
- The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
d2y a
EI 2
= − P x
dx L
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 10

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.1

• Integrate differential equation twice and apply
boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
dy 1 a
EI = − P x 2 + C1
dx 2 L
1 a
EI y = − P x3 + C1x + C2
6 L
2 at x = 0, y = 0 : C2 = 0
d y a
EI 2
= − P x 1 a 1
dx L at x = L, y = 0 : 0 = − P L3 + C1L C1 = PaL
6 L 6
Substituting,
dy PaL   x 
2
dy 1 a 1
EI = − P x 2 + PaL = 1 − 3  
dx 2 L 6 dx 6 EI   L  
1 a 1
EI y = − P x3 + PaLx
PaL2  x  x 
3
6 L 6
y=  −  
6 EI  L  L  
Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.1

• Locate point of zero slope or point
of maximum deflection.
PaL   xm  
2
dy L
=0= 1 − 3   xm = = 0.577 L
dx 6 EI   L   3
• Evaluate corresponding maximum

PaL2  x  x 
3
y=  −   deflection.
6 EI  L  L  
ymax =
PaL2
6 EI
[
0.577 − ( 0.577 ) 3 ]
PaL2
ymax = 0.0642
6 EI
( 50 kips )( 48 in )(180 in ) 2
ymax = 0.0642
( )(
6 29 × 106 psi 723 in 4 )
ymax = 0.238 in

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.3

SOLUTION:
• Develop the differential equation for
the elastic curve (will be functionally
dependent on the reaction at A).
• Integrate twice and apply boundary

For the uniform beam, determine the conditions to solve for reaction at A
reaction at A, derive the equation for and to obtain the elastic curve.
the elastic curve, and determine the
slope at A. (Note that the beam is • Evaluate the slope at A.
statically indeterminate to the first
degree)

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.3

• Consider moment acting at section D,
∑MD = 0
1  w0 x 2  x
RA x − −M =0
2  L  3
w0 x3
M = RA x −
6L
• The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
d2y w0 x3
EI 2 = M = R A x −
dx 6L

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.3

• Integrate twice
4
dy 1 2 w0 x
EI = EIθ = R A x − + C1
dx 2 24 L
5
1 3 w0 x
EI y = R A x − + C1x + C2
6 120 L
• Apply boundary conditions:

2 3
d y w0 x
EI = M = R A x − at x = 0, y = 0 : C2 = 0
dx 2 6L
3
1 2 w0 L
at x = L, θ = 0 : RAL − + C1 = 0
2 24
4
1 3 w0 L
at x = L, y = 0 : RAL − + C1L + C2 = 0
6 120
• Solve for reaction at A
1 1 1
R A L3 − w0 L4 = 0 RA = w0 L ↑
3 30 10

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.3

• Substitute for C1, C2, and RA in the
elastic curve equation,
5
1 1  3 w0 x  1 
EI y =  w0 L  x − − w0 L3  x
6  10  120 L  120 
y=
w0
120 EIL
(
− x5 + 2 L2 x3 − L4 x )
• Differentiate once to find the slope,
θ=
dy
=
w0
dx 120 EIL
(
− 5 x 4 + 6 L2 x 2 − L4 )
w0 L3
at x = 0, θA =
120 EI

Edition
Third
Method of Superposition
Principle of Superposition:
• Deformations of beams subjected to • Procedure is facilitated by tables of
combinations of loadings may be solutions for common types of
obtained as the linear combination of loadings and supports.
the deformations from the individual
loadings

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.7
For the beam and loading shown,

determine the slope and deflection at
point B.
SOLUTION:
Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.7

Loading I
wL3 wL4
(θ B ) I = − ( yB ) I = −
6 EI 8 EI
Loading II
wL3 wL4
(θC ) II = ( yC ) II =
48 EI 128 EI
In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

zero and the elastic curve is a straight line.
wL3
(θ B ) II = (θC ) II =
48 EI
wL4 wL3  L  7 wL4

( yB ) II = +  =
128 EI 48 EI  2  384 EI

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.7
Combine the two solutions,
wL3 wL3 7 wL3

θ B = (θ B ) I + (θ B ) II = − + θB =
6 EI 48 EI 48 EI
wL4 7 wL4 41wL4

y B = ( yB ) I + ( y B ) II = − + yB =
8 EI 384 EI 384 EI

Edition
Third
Application of Superposition to Statically

Indeterminate Beams
• Method of superposition may be • Determine the beam deformation

applied to determine the reactions at without the redundant support.
the supports of statically indeterminate
beams. • Treat the redundant reaction as an
unknown load which, together with
• Designate one of the reactions as the other loads, must produce
redundant and eliminate or modify deformations compatible with the
the support. original supports.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.8
For the uniform beam and loading shown,

determine the reaction at each support and
the slope at end A.
SOLUTION:
• Release the “redundant” support at B, and find deformation.
• Apply reaction at B as an unknown load to force zero displacement at B.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.8

• Distributed Loading:
w  2  
4 3
2  3 2 
( yB ) w = −  L  − 2 L L  + L  L 
24 EI  3  3   3 
wL4
= −0.01132
EI
• Redundant Reaction Loading:
2 2
RB  2   L  RB L3
( yB ) R =  L    = 0.01646
3EIL  3   3  EI
• For compatibility with original supports, yB = 0

wL4 RB L3
0 = ( y B ) w + ( yB ) R = −0.01132 + 0.01646
EI EI
RB = 0.688wL ↑
• From statics,
R A = 0.271wL ↑ RC = 0.0413wL ↑

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.8
Slope at end A,
wL3 wL3
(θ A ) w = − = −0.04167
24 EI EI
0.0688wL  L   2  L  
2
wL3
(θ A ) R =    L −    = 0.03398
6 EIL  3    3   EI
wL3 wL3 wL3

θ A = (θ A ) w + (θ A ) R = −0.04167 + 0.03398 θ A = −0.00769
EI EI EI

Edition
Third
Moment-Area Theorems
• Geometric properties of the elastic curve can
be used to determine deflection and slope.
• Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,
• First Moment-Area Theorem:

θ D C = area under (M/EI) diagram between
C and D.

Edition
Third
Moment-Area Theorems
• Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P’ intercept
a segment of length dt on the vertical through C.
= tangential deviation of C
with respect to D
• Second Moment-Area Theorem:

The tangential deviation of C with respect to D
is equal to the first moment with respect to a
vertical axis through C of the area under the
(M/EI) diagram between C and D.

Edition
Third
Application to Cantilever Beams and Beams With

Symmetric Loadings
• Cantilever beam - Select tangent at A as the
reference.
• Simply supported, symmetrically loaded

beam - select tangent at C as the reference.

Edition
Third
Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts

• Determination of the change of slope and the
tangential deviation is simplified if the effect of
each load is evaluated separately.
• Construct a separate (M/EI) diagram for each

load.
- The change of slope, θD/C, is obtained by
adding the areas under the diagrams.
- The tangential deviation, tD/C is obtained by
adding the first moments of the areas with
respect to a vertical axis through D.
• Bending moment diagram constructed from

individual loads is said to be drawn by parts.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.11
SOLUTION:
• Determine the reactions at supports.
• Construct shear, bending moment and

(M/EI) diagrams.
For the prismatic beam shown, determine
the slope and deflection at E. • Taking the tangent at C as the
reference, evaluate the slope and
tangential deviations at E.

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.11
SOLUTION:
• Determine the reactions at supports.
RB = RD = wa
• Construct shear, bending moment and

(M/EI) diagrams.
wa 2  L  wa 2 L
A1 = −  =−
2 EI  2  4 EI
1  wa 2  wa 3
A2 = −
 
( a) = −
3  2 EI  6 EI

Edition
Third
Sample Problem 9.11

• Slope at E:
θ E = θC + θ E C = θ E C
wa 2 L wa 3
= A1 + A2 = − −
4 EI 6 EI
wa 2
θE = − ( 3L + 2a )
12 EI
• Deflection at E:
yE = t E C − t D C
  L  3a    L 
=  A1 a +  + A2   −  A1 
  4  4    4 
 wa 3 L wa 2 L2 wa 4   wa 2 L2 
= − − −  − − 
 4 EI 16 EI 8 EI   16 EI 
wa 3
yE = − ( 2L + a )
8 EI
Edition
Third
Application of Moment-Area Theorems to Beams

With Unsymmetric Loadings
• Define reference tangent at support A. Evaluate θA
by determining the tangential deviation at B with
respect to A.
• The slope at other points is found with respect to

reference tangent.
θD = θ A +θD A
• The deflection at D is found from the tangential

deviation at D.

Edition
Third
Maximum Deflection
• Maximum deflection occurs at point K
where the tangent is horizontal.
• Point K may be determined by measuring

an area under the (M/EI) diagram equal
to -θA .
• Obtain ymax by computing the first

moment with respect to the vertical axis
through A of the area between A and K.

Edition
Third
Use of Moment-Area Theorems With Statically

Indeterminate Beams
• Reactions at supports of statically indeterminate
beams are found by designating a redundant
constraint and treating it as an unknown load which
satisfies a displacement compatibility requirement.
• The (M/EI) diagram is drawn by parts. The
resulting tangential deviations are superposed and
related by the compatibility requirement.
• With reactions determined, the slope and deflection
are found from the moment-area method.

9 Beam Deflection

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Third Edition

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-2

Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading

• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

• Curvature varies linearly with x

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-3

Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading

Equation of the Elastic Curve

• Substituting and integrating,

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-5

Equation of the Elastic Curve

• Three cases for statically determinant beams,

• More complicated loadings require multiple

Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the

• Equation for beam displacement becomes

• Integrating four times yields

• Constants are determined from boundary

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-7

Statically Indeterminate Beams

The beam is statically indeterminate.

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-8

Sample Problem 9.1

W 14 × 68 I = 723 in 4 E = 29 × 106 psi • Integrate differential equation twice

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-9

Sample Problem 9.1

- From the free-body diagram for section AD,

- The differential equation for the elastic

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 10

Sample Problem 9.1

Sample Problem 9.1

• Evaluate corresponding maximum

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 12

Sample Problem 9.3

• Integrate twice and apply boundary

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 13

Sample Problem 9.3

• The differential equation for the elastic

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 14

Sample Problem 9.3

• Apply boundary conditions:

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 15

Sample Problem 9.3

• Differentiate once to find the slope,

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 16

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 17

Sample Problem 9.7

For the beam and loading shown,

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 18

Sample Problem 9.7

In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

wL4 wL3  L  7 wL4

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 19

Sample Problem 9.7

Combine the two solutions,

wL3 wL3 7 wL3

wL4 7 wL4 41wL4

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 20

Application of Superposition to Statically

• Method of superposition may be • Determine the beam deformation

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 - 21

Sample Problem 9.8