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Spherical
Mirrors
= rr
Air
reflectio
i r n
Wate
r
Definitions
Object distance: The straight-line
distance do from the surface of a mirror
to
the object.
Image
distance: The straight-line
distance di from the surface of a mirror
to the image.
Objec
Image
Object
Image
t
=
distanc
distanc
e
e
do = di
i = r
do
di
Light
rays
Real
object
No light
Virtual
image
Real
object
do
do = di
di
Virtual
image
Image
Image appears
appears to
to be
be at
at same
same
distance
distance behind
behind mirror
mirror regardless
regardless of
of
viewing
viewing angle.
angle.
Image of an Extended
Object
Plane
mirror
do
do = di
di Virtual
image
Image
Image of
of bottom
bottom and
and top
top of
of guitar
guitar
shows
shows forward-back,
forward-back, right-left
right-left
reversals.
reversals.
Aperture
Center of
Curvature
Principal Axis
Verte
x
C
R
Radius of
Curvature
axis
i
r
F
Focus
For
For objects
objects lolocated
cated at
at
infinity
infinity,, the
the
real
real image
image
appears
appears at
at the
the
focus
focus since
since
rays
rays of
of light
light
are
are almost
almost
parallel.
parallel.
C
axis
Focus
V
f
Since i = r, we
find that F is
mid- way
between V and
C; The
we find:
focal
length f is:
R
f
2
The
The focal
focal length
length ff is
is equal
equal to
to half
half the
the
radius
radius RR
C
axis
r
F
h
f
Concave
Mirror
vs
Convex Mirror
Concave
Convex
caved
caved in
in
flexed
flexed
out
out
axis
Focus
For
For objects
objects lolocated
cated at
at
infinity
infinity,, the
the
real
real image
image
appears
appears at
at the
the
focus
focus since
since
rays
rays of
of light
light
are
are almost
almost
R
f
parallel.
parallel.
2
Virtual
focus;
reflected
R
rays
diverge.
axis
F
Reflected
Rays
R
f
2
Concave
Convex
caved
caved in
in
flexed
flexed
out
out
Real
Real focus
focus
Virtual
Virtual
focus
focus
C
Concav
e
Conve
x
Ray Diagramming
for Concave and
Convex Mirrors
Ray
Ray 1:
1: Draw
Draw aa ray,
ray, starting
starting from
from the
the
top
top of
of the
the object,
object, parallel
parallel to
to the
the
principal
principal axis
axis and
and then
then through
through f
f
after
after reflection..
reflection..
Ray
Ray 2:
2: Draw
Draw aa ray,
ray, starting
starting from
from the
the
top
top of
of the
the object,
object, through
through the
the focal
focal
point,
point, then
then parallel
parallel to
to the
the principal
principal axis
axis
after
after reflection..
reflection..
Ray
Ray 3:
3: Draw
Draw aa ray,
ray, starting
starting from
from the
the
top
top of
of the
the object,
object, through
through C,
C, then
then back
back
upon
upon itself..
itself..
Ray
Ray 1:
1: Draw
Draw aa ray,
ray, starting
starting from
from the
the
top
top of
of the
the object,
object, parallel
parallel to
to the
the
principal
principal axis
axis and
and then
then through
through f
f
after
after reflection..
reflection..
Ray 1
Convex
mirror
Object
Ray
Ray 2:
2: Draw
Draw aa ray,
ray, starting
starting from
from the
the
top
top of
of the
the object,
object, through
through the
the focal
focal
point,
point, then
then parallel
parallel to
to the
the principal
principal axis
axis
after
after reflection..
reflection..
Convex
Ray
mirror
1
Ray
2
Image
Ray
Ray 3:
3: Draw
Draw aa ray,
ray, starting
starting from
from the
the
top
top of
of the
the object,
object, through
through C,
C, then
then back
back
upon
upon itself..
itself..
Ray
3
Ray 1
Ray 2
F
Image
Convex
mirror
Concave vs Convex
Ray
Ray 1:
1: AA ray
ray parallel
parallel to
to mirror
mirror axis
axis
passes
passes through
through the
the focal
focal point
point of
of aa
concave
concave mirror
mirror or
or appears
appears to
to come
come
from
from the
the focal
focal point
point of
of aa convex
convex mirror.
mirror.
Ray
1
C
Objec
t
Concave
mirror
Conve
x
mirror
F
C
Ray
1
Objec
t
Concave vs Convex
Ray
Ray 2:
2: AA ray
ray passing
passing through
through the
the focus
focus
of
of aa concave
concave mirror
mirror or
or proceeding
proceeding
toward
toward the
the focus
focus of
of aa convex
convex mirror
mirror is
is
reflected
reflected parallel
parallel to
to the
the mirror
mirror axis.
axis.
Ray
1
Ray
2 F
Image
Concave
mirror
Conve
x
mirror
C
Ray
1
Image
Ray
2
Concave vs Convex
Ray
Ray 3:
3: AA ray
ray that
that proceeds
proceeds along
along aa
radius
radius is
is always
always reflected
reflected back
back along
along its
its
original
original path.
path.
Ray
1
Ray
3
Ray
2
C
Concav
e
mirror
F
Ray
3
C
Conve
x
mirror
Image
Ray
1
Ray
2
Ray
1
Ray
3
Ray
2
F
Ray
3
Ray
1
Ray
2
Formed at the
intersection of the
actual reflected
rays
Formed at the
intersection of the
extension of
reflected rays
Now
Now try
try to
to draw
draw the
the
ray
ray diagram
diagram of
of 5
5
cases
cases of
of Concave
Concave
Mirror
Mirror
Image Construction
Summary:
Ray
Ray 1:
1: AA ray
ray parallel
parallel to
to mirror
mirror axis
axis
passes
passes through
through the
the focal
focal point
point of
of aa
concave
concave mirror
mirror or
or appears
appears to
to come
come
from
from the
the focal
focal point
point of
of aa convex
convex mirror.
mirror.
Ray
Ray 2:
2: AA ray
ray passing
passing through
through the
the focus
focus
of
of aa concave
concave mirror
mirror or
or proceeding
proceeding
toward
toward the
the focus
focus of
of aa convex/concave
convex/concave
mirror
mirror is
is reflected
reflected parallel
parallel to
to mirror
mirror axis.
axis.
Ray
Ray 3:
3: AA ray
ray that
that proceeds
proceeds along
along aa
radius
radius is
is always
always reflected
reflected back
back along
along its
its
original path.
What
What did
did you
you
observe
observe in
in the
the
formation
formation of
of
images?
images?
Ray
1
Image
Ray
2
Ray
1
Conve
x
mirror
C
Image gets
larger as object
gets closer
All
All images
images are
are erect
erect,, virtual
virtual,, and
and
diminished
diminished.. Images
Images get
get larger
larger as
as object
object
approaches.
approaches.
Ray
1
Ray
2
C
Concav
e
mirror
F
Ray
3
Image
Image is
is
located
located
between
between CC and
and
FF
Ray
1
Ray
2
F
Ray
3
Image
Image is
is
located
located at
at C,
C,
inverted.
inverted.
Ray
3
Ray
1
F
Ray
2
Image
Image is
is
outside
outside of
of the
the
center
center CC
Ray
C
3
Ray
1
Reflected
rays are
parallel
Image
Image is
is located
located
at
at infinity
infinity (not
(not
formed).
formed).
C
F
Erect
and
enlarged
Virtua
l
image
Image
Image is
is
located
located behind
behind
the
the mirror
mirror
C C C FF
F
F Virtua
Ray l
Erect
Reflected
Concav
Ray
Ray
3
and rays
are
image
e
3 2
enlarged
parallel
mirror
Summary
1. The angle of
inci- dence iis
equal to the
angle of
reflection
r:
i i =
= rr
Air
reflectio
i r n
Wate
r
Summary (Definitions)
Object distance: The straight-line
distance do from the surface of a mirror
to
the object.
Image
distance: The straight-line
distance di from the surface of a mirror
to
theimage:
image.An image formed by real
Real
Summary (Cont.)
For plane mirrors, the object distance
equals the image distance and all images
are erect and virtual.
For converging mirrors and diverging
mirrors, the focal length is equal to onehalf the radius.
All images formed from convex mirrors
are erect, virtual, and diminished in size.
Except for objects located inside the focus
(which are erect and virtual), all images
formed by converging mirrors are real and
inverted.