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Introduction
Strength of aggregate
Particle shape and texture
Grading
Moisture content
Classification of aggregate
Aggregates
Aggregates commonly considered as inert
filler material which occupy 60 to 80
percent of the volume of concrete/70 to 85
percent of the weight of concrete.
Sand, gravel and crushed stone are the
primary aggregates used.
All aggregates must be essentially free of
silt (size 60 - 2 m) and/or organic matter.
Aggregates
Coarse aggregates > 5 mm
Fine aggregates < 5 mm
The physical and mineralogical properties
of aggregates must be known before
mixing concrete to obtain a desirable
mixture.
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Properties
Strength Compressive strength
Tests
Aggregate crushing value
Aggregate impact value
10% fines value (12.5 10 mm size)
Soundness: Reaction of aggregates with sulfate.
Bulk density kg/m3
Mechanical properties
Toughness Resistance of aggregate
to failure by impact (AIV, 10% fines)
Hardness Resistance to wear
(aggregate abrasion value test (Los
Angeles test))
AAV< 30% for wearing surfaces
AAV<50% for non-wearing surfaces
Properties
Mechanical properties BS 882:1992
Type of
concrete
10% fines
(min.) kN
AIV (max.) %
Heavy duty
150
concrete floors
25
Pavement
wearing
surfaces
100
30
Others
50
45
Natural sands and gravel from river beds are smooth and
rounded in shape, hence concrete will be high workable.
Grading of aggregate
This paste requirement is the factor controlling the cost since cement is most
expensive component
Required cement paste ---- amount of void space filled and total surface area to
be covered.
When range of sizes are used, void spaces are filled and paste required is
lowered but less workable concrete.
limits
(BS 882:1992)
Moisture content
Important factor when developing the
proper W/C ratio.
All the aggregates contain some
moisture based on the porosity of the
particles and the moisture condition of
the storage area (1% - 40%).
Moisture states
Oven dry (OD) all moisture is removed from the
aggregate by heating in an oven 105 C to constant
weight.
Air dry (AD) all moisture removed from surface, but
internal pores partially full.
Saturated surface dry (SSD) all pores filled with
water, but no film of water on the surface.
Wet All pores completely filled with water with a
water film on the surface.
Classification of aggregates
Based on bulk density
Light weight, normal weight and heavy weight
Normal concrete (1520 1680 kg/m3)
Lightweight concrete (less than 1100 kg/m3)
Heavyweight concrete (more than 2080 kg/m3)
Concrete admixtures
When concrete is made, it is possible to
add various substances that could provide
desirable properties. They are called
admixtures that could improve
Workability (Super plasticizes)
Reduce the amount of water needed for a given
workability (waterreducing admixes)
Increase the time required for setting of cement
(retarders)
Reduce the time required for setting by
increasing the rate of hydration of cement while
generating additional heat (accelerates)
Admixtures
Admixtures are ingredients other than
portland cement, water, and aggregates.
Admixtures are added to the concrete
mixture immediately before or during
mixing.
Retarding admixtures:
are used to slow the rate of concrete
hardening.
They are useful for concrete that is placed
during hot weather.
Accelerating admixtures
such as calcium chloride, are used to
increase the rate of hardening--usually
during cold weather.
Water
Water to be used in the concrete work should have
the following properties: