Pertemuan 1

Jan 9, 2016

Atom
sebagai
partikel

Atom sebagai
partikel dan
gelombang

IKATAN KOVALEN
( Model tumpang tindih orbital)

.
H
atoms
move
closer

.H

Atom yang
terpisah

H..H

Tumpang tindih
orbital

H H

Pembentukan
Ikatan

Orbitals
The

region of space around an atom in

which an electron is likely to be found
is an orbital.
The shape and size of the orbital are
determined by a mathematical
equation called a wave function.

Orbitals
When

atoms combine to form

molecules, they do so by combining
the wave functions for the individual
atomic orbitals.
We say that the orbitals overlap.
The region of space defined by this
combination of orbitals is the
molecular orbital.

Sigma Bonds
Head-on

overlap of atomic

orbitals
Electron density is a symmetrical
cylinder around the bond axis
Atomic orbital combinations that
give bonds:
s s

Pi Bonds
Side-on

overlap of atomic orbitals

Electron density is above and below a
nodal plane on the internuclear axis
Atomic orbital combinations that give
bonds:
p p

HOW ARE THE

OBSERVED BOND ANGLES ACHIEVED?

HYBRIDIZATION
Vision is the art of seeing things invisible.
Jonathan Swift

FORMATION OF
SP3 HYBRID ORBITALS
2pz

(1)

(2)

2p
(3)

2s
2s

X
2py

These orbital shapes are

cartoons - actual shapes
are shown on the next
slide.

2px

sp3 hybridized
unhybridized
atom

[animation]

(4)

Ikatan pada
Alkana

sp3
Alkena sp2
Alkuna sp

.
C.

Carbon has 4 valence electrons, 2s22p2

Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds
sp, sp2 and sp3 hybrid orbitals.
Lets do sp3 first.

ALKANA

2p
hybridize
2s

sp3

H
H

H H
H C C H
H
H

H
C

H
H

POSTEST

Buatlah hibridisasi etana

(Selengkaplengkapnya
menurut pemahaman anda)
Ditulis dalam kertas
Nama:
NIM:

TUGAS KELOMPOK
Menulis Hibridisasi yang mengandung unsur:
1.Kelompok 1 absen 1-6 unsur N
2.Kelompok 2 absen 7-12 unsur O
3.Kelompok 3 absen 8-18 unsur P
4.Kelompok 4 absen 19-24 unsur Cl
5.Kelompok 5 absen 25-32 unsur B
6.Kelompok 6 absen 33-41 unsur F

ALKENA
Ethylene

Multiple Bonds and hybridization

H
H

Each carbon is hybridized sp2 . The hydrogens are 1s.

One of the double bonds is sp2 - sp2. The other one is
p - p.
2p

2p
hybridize
2s

sp2

Note that a double bond consists of a and a

type bond

H
C C

H
C

C
H

What about acetylene?

ALKUNA

H C

C H

Each carbon atom is sp hybridized. The hydrogens are

unhybridized, 1s orbitals.
2p

2p
hybridize
2s

sp

Note that a triple bond consists of a and 2 bonds. The

two bonds use unhybridized p orbitals.

H C C H

Electron Pair Repulsion

H
:
.. C ..
H : H
H
symmetrical molecule
all repulsions are equal
perfect tetrahedral
all angles 109o28

larger
repulsion

..

angle
becomes
larger

.. N ..
H : H
H

repulsion
smaller

angle becomes
smaller

not all pairs are equivalent

the unshared pairs repel more
strongly than the bonded pairs

Effect of double bond and

electronegativity
H
117o

121.5o

C
H

CH2

H
116o

122o

117o

Cl
114o

H
116o C

121.5o

O
122o

Cl
F
110o

Cl

123o

CH2

125o

CH2

111o

124.5o

Cl
F
108o

126o

2s

2p

sp3

hybridization

sp3 hybrids

sp3

Metanol

H C O
H
H

H
C

H
H

2p

2s

sp

2p

hybridization

2p
2

sp2

sp2

C O

used for

bond

used for

bonds

H
C
H

sp2

sp

sp2

C C C
H

H
H

H
allena

H C H

end
view

H
H
C

C
H

H
molecule has a twist in the center

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