NON-NEWTONIAN

FLUIDS

PRESENTED TO: PROF.DR.H.M. ANWAR ASGAR

PRESENTED BY: SALMAN HAROON (MSC-13-S07)
MUHAMMAD NOMAN ARIF
(MSC-13-S-09)
SANAULLAH KHAN (MSC-13-S32)

Newtonian Fluids

Those fluids which follow Newton law of viscosity

when shear stress is plotted against shear rate at a
given temperature, the plot shows a straight line with
a constant slope that is independent of shear rate.
Fluid such as water, air, ethanol, and benzene are
Newtonian
Non-Newtonian fluids

Any fluids that do not obey the Newtonian

relationship between shear stress and shear rate are
non-Newtonian. Aqueous solutions of high molecular
weight polymers or polymer melts, and suspensions
of fine particles are usually non-Newtonian.

Non-Newtonian Fluids

blood

grease

toothpaste

cake batter

ketchup

polymer melt

Models of Non-Newtonian Fluids

The expressions shown here are used to
characterize the non-Newtonian behavior of fluids
under equilibrium, steady shear flow conditions.
models those having a direct and significant
implication for suspensions, gels and pastes have
grease
been included here.
wet
sand
corn
flour

Non-Newtonian Fluids

molten
metal

paint
whipped
cream

Power-law Model
One of the most widely used forms of the general nonNewtonian constitutive relation is a power-law model, which
can be described as

where Tau is shear stress, gama is shear rate, m and n are

power-law model constants. The constant, m , is a measure
of the consistency of the fluid: the higher the m is, the more
viscous the fluid is. n is a measure of the degree of nonNewtonian behavior: the greater the departure from the
unity, the more pronounced the non-Newtonian properties
of the fluid are.
One of the obvious disadvantages of the power-law model is
that it fails to describe the viscosity of many non-Newtonian
fluids in very low and very high shear rate regions.

Cross Model

As discussed in the previous section, the

power law model does not have the capability
of handling Newtonian regions of shearthinning fluids at very low and high shear
rates. In order to overcome this drawback of
the power-law model, Cross (1965) proposed
a model that can be described as

In above equation
and
0
are the viscosities at very low
and high shear rates, respectively
m and n are the model constants.
At an intermediate shear rate, the Cross
model behaves like a power-law model.
However, unlike the power-law model,
the Cross model produces Newtonian
viscosities (0 and ) at both very low
and high shear rates.

TYPES OF FLUIDS
1) Newtonian Fluids
2) Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian Fluids:
Those fluids which follow newton law of viscosity.
when shear stress is plotted against shear rate at a
given temperature, the plot shows a straight line with a
constant slope that is independent of shear rate. Fluid
such as water, air, ethanol, and benzene are Newtonian.
Non-Newtonian fluids
Any fluids that do not obey the Newtonian relationship
between shear stress and shear rate are nonNewtonian. Aqueous solutions of high molecular weight
polymers or polymer melts, and suspensions of fine
particles are usually non-Newtonian.

Models of Non-Newtonian
Fluids
The expressions shown here are used to
characterize the non-Newtonian behavior
of fluids under equilibrium, steady shear
flow conditions. models those having a
direct and significant implication for
suspensions, gels and pastes have been
included here.

Power-law Model
One of the most widely used forms of the general nonNewtonian constitutive relation is a power-law model,
which can be described as

where m and n are power-law model constants. The

constant, m , is a measure of the consistency of the fluid:
the higher the m is, the more viscous the fluid is. n is a
measure of the degree of non-Newtonian behavior: the
greater the departure from the unity, the more
pronounced the non-Newtonian properties of the fluid are.
One of the obvious disadvantages of the power-law model
is that it fails to describe the viscosity of many nonNewtonian fluids in very low and very high shear rate
regions.

Cross Model

As discussed in the previous section, the

power law model does not have the capability
of handling Newtonian regions of shearthinning fluids at very low and high shear
rates. In order to overcome this drawback of
the power-law model, Cross (1965) proposed
a model that can be described as

In above equation
and
0
are the viscosities at very low
and high shear rates, respectively
m and n are the model constants.
At an intermediate shear rate, the Cross
model behaves like a power-law model.
However, unlike the power-law model,
the Cross model produces Newtonian
viscosities (0 and ) at both very low
and high shear rates.

Bingham Plastic Model

Many types of food stuffs exhibit a yield

stress and are said to show a plastic or
viscoplastic behavior
One of the simplest viscoplastic models
is the Bingham plastic model

Expression of Bingham Plastic Model

Taken from Schlumburger Oilfields

Examples of Bingham Plastic Fluids

Tooth Paste
Handling of Slurries
Mud flow in drilling

Bingham Plastic Fluid Example

A Bingham plastic flows in a pipe and it is
observed that the central plug is 30mm diameter
when the pressure drop is 100 Pa/m.
Calculate the yield shear stress.
Given that at a larger radius the rate of shear
strain is 20 s-1 and the consistency coefficient is
0.6 Pa.s. Calculate the shear stress.

Bingham Plastic Fluid Example

The pressure difference p acting on the cross-sectional

area must produce sufficient force to overcome the shear
stress acting on the surface area of the cylindrical slug.
For the slug to move, the shear stess must be atleast
equal to the yield value y.Balancing the forces gives

Bingham Plastic Fluid

Example

Why does Bingham Plastic

Model not able to handle Shearthinning characteristics of NonNewtonian Fluids?

The Bingham plastic model can

describe the viscosity
characteristics of a fluid with
yield stress whose viscosity is
independent of shear rate

Casson Model

This model was originally introduced by Casson

(1959)for the prediction of the flow behavior of
pigment-oil suspensions

The Casson model is based on a structure

model of the interactive behavior of solid and
liquid phases of a two-phase suspension

The model describes the flow of viscoplastic

fluids

Casson model can be described

mathematically as:

where k is a Casson model constant

The Casson model shows both yield stress

and shear-thinning non-Newtonian viscosity

Casson Model Fluids

Jelly
Tomato sauce
Honey
Molten milk
chocolate

Ge
l
Lotio
n

HERSCHEL-BULKLEY MODEL

The Herschel-Bulkley model extends the

simple power-law model to include a yield
stress as follows

Like the Casson model, it shows both

yield stress and shear-thinning nonNewtonian viscosity, and is used to
describe the rheological behavior of food
products and biological liquids [Ferguson
and Kemblowski, 1991; Holdsworth,
1993]. In addition, the Herschel-Bulkley
model also gives better fit for many
biological fluids and food products than
both power-law and Bingham plastic
models.

Powell-Eyring Model

Derived from the theory of rate processes, this relation

is relevant primarily to molecular fluids, but can be used
in some cases to describe the viscous behavior of
polymer solutions and viscoelastic suspensions over a
wide range of shear rates. Here, is the infinite shear
viscosity 0 is the zero shear viscosity and the fitting
parameter represents a characteristic time of the
measured system. If 0 and are not known independently
from experiment, these quantities may be treated as
additional adjustable parameters.

Importance of Non-Newtonian Fluid

In Process industries we deal different types of nonnewtonian fluids so their properties helpful in
processes as
Liquids and semisolids are usually pumped during
processing, so in case of fluids if we now properties of
non-newtonian fluids we avoid problems like
caviation,bubbles etc.
If we know properties of different non-newtonain fluid
then we better tackle different non-nowtonian fluids
like
Food
suc
asbutter,
cheese,jam,ketchup,mayonnaise,soup,taffy,
andyogurt
Natural
substances
such
asmagma,lava,gums, andsynovial fluid Slurriessuch
as cement slurry and paper pulp,emulsionssuch as
mayonnaise, and some kinds ofdispersions.

Viscosity plays a huge part in

pump and conveyance system
design.
Viscosity may be dependent on
moisture content, concentration,
composition
and
prior
treatments.