Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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pH measurements
The probe, from chemistry to voltage
to a number
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk
pH probe
Buffered KCl solution
4 M KCl solution
Reference electrode
Silver/silver chloride electrode
Sensing electrode
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Reference Voltage +
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Call it+ zero!
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pH 4 solution (high H+)
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pH Measurements
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Difficult Measurements?
pH
water
Rain
Between
E E0
RT FH
lnG
nF G
HH
I
JJ
K
RT ln(10) FH
logG
G
nF
HH
I
JJ
K
RT ln(10)
0
E =E +
pH
- pH
nF
E E ) nF
(
pH pH 0
RT ln(10)
Faraday constant
Gas constant
E0
H
Voltage at
J
R 8.314
mol K
Coulombs
F 96500
mol e
n 1 mol e
Nernst Equation
E (mV)
pH pH 0
0
E
E
(
) nF
E
E nF
0
pH = pH + 0 -
T
T R ln(10)
RT ln(10)
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
J
R 8.314
mol K
E at 0 C
E at 25 C
E at 35 C
E at 100 C
Coulombs
F 96500
mol e
n 1 mol e
7
pH
10
mV/pH
E 0.000198T pH 7
75
70
65
60
55
50
0
50
100
Temperature (C)
Temperature
compensation is important!
pH Calibration
The Challenge
0 to 3 known buffers used as standards
Temperature compensation optional
E
Buffer pH
pH
Calibration Cases
0 or 1 standards w/ Temperature
nF E 0 E
0
pH
pH
R ln(10) T 0 T
ideal
pH =k pH
E
E
0
+
pH
T 0 T
pH k ideal
pH
E
7
T
E
E
ideal
pH =k pH 1 - +pH 1
T T
ideal
k pH
ideal
k pH
nF
R ln(10)
K
5040.8
Volt
Calculate E/T
Piecewise linear fit
E (mV)
T (C)
Buffer
pH
23
185
24
-170
20
10
pH