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DNA
KI 1, MA
Alloh SWT menciptakan
Manusia dan kebutuhan
kepada manusia tidak
pernah Main-main
Dengan perhitungan yang
Amat Cerdas dan Luar Biasa
Fig.4.8
Copyright2002PearsonEducation,Inc.,publishingasBenjaminCummings
mirror
plane
OH
H
HO 2C
OH
CH3
CH3
H
CO 2H
observed rotation
x
100
=
enantiomeric
excess
(e.e.)
rotation of pure enantiomer
o
H
(S)-(-) Limonene
o
[=
from lemons
= 88.6% e.e.
88.6% (+)
(R)(+) Limonene
11.4% racemic
o
[] = +123.0
actually 94.3% (+)
from oranges
Medicines
DNA
Materials
Essential oils
Pigments
Molecular Orbitals
Just
Covalent Bonds
When two nonmetals bond, they
often share electrons since they have
similar attractions for them. This
sharing of valence electrons is called
the covalent bond.
These atoms will share sufficient numbers of
electrons in order to achieve a noble gas electron
configuration (that is, eight valence electrons).
Copyright Houghton
Mifflin Company.All rights
Sigma Bond ()
A Sigma Bond is when 2 atomic
orbitals combine to form a molecular
orbital that is symmetrical around
the
axis
S orbitals overlapping
Pi Bond ()
Pi bonding electrons are likely to be found in
a sausage-shape above and below the axis
Pi
P orbitals overlapping
side-by-side
Secara
energetik
kimia terjadi sebagai efek energi kedua
Ikatan
atom yang berdekatan lebih rendah (sekitar 100 kJ
per mol atau lebih) dari pada saat masing-masing
saling terpisah
Covalent Bonds
The tendency of atoms in a
molecule to have eight electrons in
their outer shell (two for hydrogen)
is called the octet rule.
. +.H
Copyright Houghton
Mifflin Company.All rights
H H
Covalent Bonding
In these bonds atoms
share electrons.
There are several
electrostatic interactions
in these bonds:
Attractions between
electrons and nuclei
Repulsions between
electrons
Repulsions between nuclei
Lewis Structures
Resonance
This is the
Lewis structure
we would draw
for ozone, O3.
Resonance
But this is at odds
with the true,
observed structure
of ozone, in which
both OO bonds
are the same length.
both outer
oxygens have a
charge of 1/2.
Resonance
One Lewis
structure cannot
accurately depict
a molecule such
as ozone.
We use multiple
structures,
resonance
structures, to
describe the
molecule.
Resonance
Just as green is a
synthesis of blue
and yellow
ozone is a
synthesis of these
two resonance
structures.
Resonance
In truth, the electrons that form the second CO
bond in the double bonds below do not always
sit between that C and that O, but rather can
move among the two oxygens and the carbon.
They are not localized, but rather are
delocalized.
Resonance
The organic compound
benzene, C6H6, has two
resonance structures.
It is commonly
depicted as a hexagon
with a circle inside to
signify the delocalized
electrons in the ring.
Electron Probability in MO
The electron probability of both
molecular orbitals is centered along the
line passing through the two nuclei.
Sigma () molecular orbitals (MOs)
Electron Configurations in MO
Molecular electron configurations can be
written similar to atomic electron
configurations.
Each molecular orbital can hold 2 electrons
with opposite spins.
The number of orbitals are conserved.
Bond Order
Larger bond order means greater bond
strength.
# of bonding e # of antibonding e
Bond order =
2
Example: H2
2 0
Bond order =
=1
2
*1s
E
1s
2 1 1
Bond order =
=
2
2
a. H22-
b. H2+
H22- has 4
electrons.
H2+ has 1
electron.
*1
*1
1s
1s
BO
2 b.e. - 2
= a.e. 2
=
0
BO
1 b.e. - 0
= a.e. 2