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Chapter 3:
Soil Mechanics/Review
Lecture No.1
3.1 Soil Composition
Lecture No.2
3.5 Compressibility and
settlement
Lecture No.3
3.6 Strength
Air
Water
Solid
Solid Particles
Volume
Air
Water
Solid
Water
Solid
Air
Solid
Air
Water
Solid
Va Air Wa~0
Vv
Vw
Water Ww
VT WT
Vs Solid Ws
Volume Weight
Ww
Water Content , w(%) 100%
Ws
Vv
Void Ratio, e
Vs
Vv
Porosity , n(%) 100%
VT
CE 4321: Geotechnical Engineering Design
Volumetric Relationships
Volume Components:
Volume of Solids = Vs
Volume of Water = Vw
Volume of Air = Va
Volume of Voids = Va + Vw = Vv
Vw
Degree of Saturation, S (%) 100%
VV
Granite 2.69
Marble 2.69
Quartz 2.60
Feldspar 2.54-2.62
134.9cm3 Wa~0
Air
W =1.00
243.9cm3
109.0cm3 Water 109.0g
585.0cm3 1013.0g
s =2.65
341.1cm3 Solid 904.0g
Volumes Weights
134.9cm3 Air
W =1.00
243.9cm3
109.0cm3 Water
585.0cm3
s =2.65
341.1cm3 Solid
Vv 243.9
e 0.72
Vs 341.1
Volumes
Vv 243.9
n(%) 100% 100 41.7%
VT 585.0
Vw 109.0
CE 4321: Geotechnical Engineering Design S (%) 100% 100 44.7%
Vv 243.9
Soil Unit weight (lb/ft3 or kN/m3)
“No. 200”
means...
This procedure is
suitable for coarse
grained soils
e.g. No.10 sieve ….
has 10 apertures per
linear inch
D 2 w (Gs GL )
v
18
Particle Size
coarse-grained fine-grained
Particle/Grain Size Soil Plasticity
Distribution
Particle Shape
PI = LL – PL
or IP=wL-wP
Note: These are water contents,
but the percentage sign is not
typically shown.
Zw
X X
Area = A
= P/A
Soil Unit
Assume the soil is fully saturated, all voids are
filled with water.
CE 4321: Geotechnical Engineering Design
Effective Stress
′ = - u
The effective stress is the force carried by
the soil skeleton divided by the total area
of the surface.
The effective stress controls certain
aspects of soil behavior, notably,
compression & strength.
′ = iHi - u
z
where,
H = layer thickness
sat = saturated unit weight
U = pore pressure = w Zw