INTERNATIONAL

SECURITY

Group 3
International Security
 Consists of the measures
taken by nations and
international organizations,
such as the United Nations,
to ensure mutual survival
and safety.
 These measures include
military action and
diplomatic agreements
such as treaties and
conventions. International
and national security are
invariably linked.
 Approaches to Security
There are, in essence, four possible approaches to securing
peace.

• Unlimited self-defence; the first of the four approaches,

is the traditional approach of each country being
responsible for its own defence and amassing weapons it
wishes for that defence.

• Beyond the traditional approach to security, there are

three alternative approaches: international security
(regional and world security forces), limited self-defence
(arms limitations), and abolition of war (complete
disarmament and pacifism).
Traditional security
 The Traditional Security paradigm refers to a
realist construct of security in which the referent
object of security is the state.
 The prevalence of this theorem reached a peak
during the Cold War. For almost half a century,
major world powers entrusted the security of their
nation to a balance of power among states.
 In this sense international stability relied on the
premise that if state security is maintained, then
the security of citizens will necessarily follow.
International organization
They are of two types:
 International nongovernmental
organizations (INGOs): non-
governmental organizations (NGOs)
that operate internationally. These
may be either:

 International non-profit
organizations. Examples include
the World Organization of the
Scout Movement, International
Committee of the Red Cross.
 International corporations,
referred to as multinational
corporations. Examples include The
Coca-Cola Company and Toyota.
Contd…
 Intergovernmental
organizations-the type of
organization most closely
associated with the term
'international organization',
these are organizations that
are made up primarily of
sovereign states.
 Notable examples include the
United Nations (UN) World
Trade Organization (WTO),
European Union (EU; which
is a prime example of a
supranational organization).
 United Nations
 The United Nations
Organization (UNO) or simply
United Nations (UN) is an
international organization whose
stated aims are facilitating
cooperation in international law,
international security, economic
development, social progress,
human rights, and the achieving of
world peace.
 The UN was founded in 1945 after
World War II to replace the
League of Nations, to stop wars
between countries, and to provide
a platform for dialogue. It contains
multiple subsidiary organizations
to carry out its missions.
 NATO
 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is an
intergovernmental military alliance based on the
North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April
1949.
 The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium,
and the organization constitutes a system of
collective defense whereby its member states
agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by
any external party.
Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact
 Warsaw Pact (1955–91) subscribed by eight
communist states in Eastern Europe, which was
established at the USSR’s initiative and realized
on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw, Poland.
 In the Communist Bloc, the treaty was the military
analogue of the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance for the Communist (East) European
economic community.
 The Warsaw Treaty was the Soviet Bloc’s military
response to West Germany’s May 1955 integration
to NATO Pact, per the Paris Pacts of 1954.
Should he be holding this?
 Arms control
 Arms control is an umbrella term for restrictions
upon the development, production, stockpiling,
proliferation, and usage of weapons, especially
weapons of mass destruction.
 Arms control is typically exercised through the use
of diplomacy which seeks to impose such
limitations upon consenting participants through
international treaties and agreements, although it
may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of
nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting
country.
Methods of Achieving Arms Control

 Numerical restrictions
 Categorical restrictions
 Development, testing, and deployment
restrictions
 Transfer restrictions
 The Barriers to Arms Control

 Security Barriers
 Verification Barriers
 Domestic Barriers
 Security Barriers

 ThePossibility of Future Conflict

 Doubts about the Value of Arms Control
 Verification Barriers

 The problem is simple: Countries suspect that others will

cheat.
 Possible cheating can be divided into two types: break-out
cheating and creep-out cheating. A violation significant
enough by itself to endanger your security would constitute a
break-out. This possibility worries sceptics of arms control.
Some are also hesitant about arms control because they
believe there might be a reluctance to respond to creep-out
cheating. In this scenario, no single violation would be
serious enough by itself to create a crisis or warrant
termination of the treaty.
 Domestic Barriers

 National Pride
 Military Spending, the Economy, and Politics
Notable Treaties-

 Geneva Protocol on chemical and biological

weapons-1925
 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, a treaty to
limit the spread of nuclear weapons.-1968
 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, bans all nuclear
explosions in all environments, for military or
civilian purposes. It was adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996
but it has not yet entered into force.
CTBT Signatories
 Abolition of War

The last of the four approaches to security is the

abolition of war. Abolition of war is divided into two
parts:
 complete disarmament, and
 pacifism.
 Complete Disarmament
 Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or
abolishing weapons. Disarmament generally refers
to a country's military or specific type of
weaponry.
 The most common form of disarmament is
abolishment of weapons of mass destruction, such
as nuclear arms. General and Complete
Disarmament refers to the removal of all
weaponry, including conventional arms.
 Pacifism
 Unlike other approaches to security, pacifism is a
bottom-up approach that focuses on what people do
rather than a top-down approach that stresses
government action. Pacifism begins with the belief
that it is wrong to kill.
 There are universal pacifists, who oppose all
violence; private pacifists, who oppose personal
violence but who would support as a last resort the use
of police or military force to counter criminals or
aggressors; and anti-war pacifists, who oppose
political violence but would use violence as a last
resort for personal self-defence.
Counter terrorism
Counter-terrorism
 Counter-terrorism is the practices, tactics,
techniques, and strategies that governments,
militaries, police departments adopt in response to
terrorist threats and/or acts, both real and imputed.
 Counter-terrorism includes both the detection of
potential acts and the response to related events.
 Foreign internal defense (FID) is a term used by
several countries for programs either to suppress
insurgency, or reduce the conditions under which
insurgency could develop.
Intelligence agency
 An intelligence agency is a
governmental agency that is
devoted to information
gathering for purposes of
national security and
defense.
 Means of information
gathering may include
espionage, communication
interception, cryptanalysis,
cooperation with other
institutions, and evaluation
of public sources.
Functions of Intelligence agencies
 Intelligence agencies can
provide the following
services for their national
governments.
 provide analysis in areas
relevant to national security;
 give early warning of
impending crises;
 serve national and
international crisis
management by helping to
discern the intentions of
current or potential opponents;
 inform national defense planning and military
operations;
 protect secrets, both of their own sources and
activities, and those of other state agencies; and
 may act covertly to influence the outcome of events in
favor of national interests
 Intelligence agencies are also involved in defensive
activities such as counter-espionage or counter-
terrorism.
Central Intelligence Agency
 The Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) is a civilian
intelligence agency of the
United States government.
 It is an independent agency
responsible for providing
national security
intelligence to senior United
States policymakers. It also
engages in covert activities
at the request of the
President of the United
States.
Contd…
 Itis the successor of the Office of Strategic Services
(OSS) formed during World War II to coordinate
espionage activities between the branches of the
United States military.
 The CIA's primary function is to collect information
about foreign governments, corporations, and
individuals, and to advise public policymakers.
Research and Analysis Wing
 Research and Analysis Wing is
India's external intelligence
agency. It was formed in
September 1968, after the newly
independent Republic of India
was faced with 2 consecutive
wars, the Sino-Indian war of
1962 and the India-Pakistani
war of 1965, as it was evident
that a credible intelligence
gathering setup was lacking.
 Its primary function is
collection of external
intelligence, counter-terrorism
and covert operations.
Contd…
 In addition, it is responsible for obtaining and
analyzing information about foreign governments,
corporations, and persons, in order to advise Indian
foreign policymakers.
 Until the creation of R&AW, the Intelligence Bureau
handled both internal and external intelligence.
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