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REPRODUCTION
A. P. Soibi-Harry
Introduction
Sexual reproduction requires a male and a female of
the same species to copulate and combine their
genes in order to produce a new individual who is
genetically different from his parents .
The male reproductive system produces , sustains ,
and delivers sperm cells (spermatozoa) to the female
reproductive tract .
The female reproductive system produces , sustains ,
and allows egg cells (oocytes ) to be fertilized by
sperm It also supports the development of an
offspring (gestation) and gives birth to a new
individual (parturition) .
GENDER
DETERMINATION
STRUCTURE
PENIS
SCROTUM
FUNCTION
- A copulatory organ that is responsible for delivering the
sperm to the female reproductive tract.
- Contains 2 erectile tissues called corpus cavernosa and
corpus spongiosum. Urethra passes through penis
- Pouch of skin and muscle that contains the testes.
- Regulates temperature at slightly below body
temperature.
EPIDIDYMIS
TESTES
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
URETHRA
PROSTATE
GLAND
Testis
Basic functional unit- about 250 Lobules with each lobule
having approximately 4 seminiferous tubules.
Seminiferous tubule functions to:
Produce, maintain, and store the sperm.
Produce hormones/paracrines
Sertoli cells:
Separate the lumen from the basal lamina and create
a blood-testis barrier.
Lumen low glucose, high K+ & steroid hormones
Basal compartment the baso-lateral side of the
sertoli cells &
containing the developing spermatogonia
Interstitial fluid space below the basal lamina and
contains the Leydig cells
Leydig cells
Produce androgens:
Testosterone,
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Increase spermatogenesis
Influence secondary sexual characteristics
Testosterone
Effects of Testosterone in the Male
1.Required for initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis(acts via
Sertoli cells)
2.Decreases GnRH secretion via an action on the hypothalamus
3.Inhibits LH secretion via a direct action on the anterior pituitary
gland
4.Induces differentiation of male accessory reproductive organs and
maintain their function
5.Induces male secondary sex characteristics; opposes action of
estrogen on breast growth
6. Stimulates protein anabolism, bone growth and cessation of bone
growth
7. Required for sex drive and may enhance aggressive behaviour
8. Stimulates erythropoietin secretion by the kidneys
Sperm Cell
FETAL
LIFE
SPERMATID = Spermiogenesis
SPERM = Ready to go!
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesisis the process in
which spermatozoa are produced
from male primordial germ cells by
way of mitosis and meiosis.
The initial cells in this pathway are
called spermatogonia, which yield
primary spermatocytes by mitosis.
Spermatogenesis
Each of four spermatids
develop into a sperm
Second meiosis division
give four spermatids,each
with 23 single stranded
chromosomes
First meiosis division give
two secondary
spermatocytes, each with
23 chromosomes that
become double stranded.
Primary spermatocyte with
2n=46 chromosomes
Spermatogonium with
2n=46 chromosomes
multiply by mitosis.
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Spermiogenesis
The Golgi vesicles combine to form an acrosomal vesicle full
of enzymes that lies over the nucleus.
The nucleus condenses in size and is stabilized by special
proteins called protamine
Centrosomes start to organize microtubules into long flagella.
Mitochondria start to localize next to the flagella to provide
ready energy.
Sperm are tiny, but highly specialized missiles for delivering
the male genome:
Points to Emphasize
In the fetus, primordial germ cells enter the testes and differentiate
into spermatogonia, immature cells that remain dormant until puberty
Sperm production begins at puberty and continues throughout the life
of a male (contrast female).
The entire process beginning with a primary spermatocyte, takes
about 74 days (70-80) and four functional sperms develop from each
primary spermatocyte.
After ejaculation, the sperm can live for about 48 hours in the female
reproductive tract.
Capacitation is the biochemical removal of sperm surface glycoprotein
that initiates whip lash movement of the sperm tail & occurs in uterus
27
The Ovary
Primary female reproductive organ or gonads.
Each ovary is a solid, ovoid structure
about the size and shape of an almond
about 3.5cmX 2cm X1cm
Location:
Located in shallow depressions, called ovarian fossa,
one on each side of the uterus, in the lateral walls of
the pelvic cavity.
They are held loosely in place by peritoneal
ligaments.
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The Ovary-Structure
34
Folliculogenesis
2 main phases
- Preantral not dependent on FSH
- Antral (Graffian) dependent on FSH
Oogenesis
Oogenesis 1
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Oogenesis 2
Oogenesis 3
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Post Ovulation
After ovulation and in response to luteinizing hormone, the
portion of the follicle that remains in the ovary enlarges
and is transformed into a corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some
estrogens. Its fate depends on whether fertilization occurs.
If fertilization does not take place, the corpus luteum
remains functional for about 10 days then it begins to
degenerate into a corpus albicans, which is primarily scar
tissue, and its hormone output ceases.
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum persists and
continues its hormone functions until the placenta develops
sufficiently to secrete the necessary hormones. Again, the
corpus luteum ultimately degenerates into corpus albicans,
but it remains functional for a longer period of time.
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Uterus
Uterus
The uterus is a hollow, pear shaped muscular organ.
The uterus measures about 7.5cm X 5cm X 2.5cm
about 50 60 gm in weight
Normal position is anteverted (rotated forward)
slightly anteflexed (flexed forward)
The uterus divided into three parts:
-Body
-Isthmus
-Cervix
The entire cycle lasts about 28-30 days, with the cycle beginning
on the first day of menstruation & ovulation occurring on day 14
or day 16.
The ovarian cycle
Development of ovarian follicle
Production of hormones
Release of ovum during ovulation
The uterine cycle
Removal of endometrium from prior uterine cycle
Preparation for implantation of embryo under the influence
of ovarian hormones
Follicular Phase
At the start of the cycle levels of FSH rise causing growth and
development of a few ovarian follicles, as follicles mature
they compete with each other for dominance. The 1st follicle
to become fully mature produces large amounts of estrogen
which inhibits the growth of the other competing follicles. The
dominant follicle called the Graafian follicle continues to
secrete increasing amounts of estrogen.
Estrogen causes;
Endometrial thickening
Thinning of cervical mucous to allow easier passage of
sperm
Estrogen also initially inhibits LH production from the
pituitary gland, however when the ovum is mature, estrogen
reaches a threshold level which causes a sudden spike in LH
around day 12 of the cycle.
Luteal Phase 1
Once ovulation has occurred LH & FSH cause the remaining
Graffian follicle to develop into the corpus luteum which begins
to produce the hormone progesterone
Progesterone causes;
Luteal Phase 2
As the levels of FSH & LH fall, the corpus luteum
degenerates and progesterone production ceases. The
falling level of progesterone triggers menstruation &
the entire cycle starts again.
However if an ovum is fertilized it produces hCG which
is similar in function to LH.This prevents degeneration
of the corpusluteum(continued production of
progesterone), thus preventing menstruation.
The placenta eventually takes over the role of the
corpusluteum(from 8 weeks)
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Window of fertility
Fertilization Effects
Conclusion
References