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By
SK.ABDUL
SK.ABDUL SATTAR
SATTAR (06J01A0403)
(06J01A0403)
K.ALTAF
K.ALTAF (06J01A0415)
(06J01A0415)
FAHEEM
FAHEEM NASER
NASER (06J01A0431)
(06J01A0431)
AZHAR
AZHAR MOHAMMAD
MOHAMMAD (06J01A0433)
(06J01A0433)
TELECOM NETWORK
1 2 3 4 5 6 124
……...
Freq
890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 914.8
Mhz.
GSM
FDMA
BP2
BP1
BP8
BURST
BP7
F
BP6
BP5
R
BP4 A
BP3 M
BP2 E
BP1 FREQ
890.2 890.6 891.0
890.0 890.4 890.8 891.2 915.8MHz
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FRAME REPETITION
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7
6 PHYSICAL CHANNELS 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 74 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1
CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY
Cell
Site
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
WHAT IS A CELL ?
OMNI CELLS
SECTOR CELLS
1 3.14 100 8
3 28.3 900 38
GIVEN FREQ.
2 RESOURCE
7 3
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 4
5
A CLUSTER OF CELLS
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
Co Chl Interference is
a Function of “Q”
the re-use ratio:
D
Q =D / R
R
Q = D /R = 3N
N =Cluster Size
R = Size (Radius of Cell)
D = Distance between two Co- Channel Cells
Co– Channel Interference
Cell
Location Area
Area served by a BTS
Location Area
MSC Service Area
PLMN Service Area
GSM Service Area
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
1 MSC=16 BSC
1 BSC=1024 TRU
OSS
HLR
(
B
PSTN
T
S ISDN
B
T
S BSC
BSC MSC VLR
Data
Networks
A Interface
B A-bis interface
T
S
BSC:BASE STATION CONTROLLER, BTS: BASE TRANSRECEIVER STATION, OSS: OPERATION AND SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM.ss
CALL
CONNECTIVITY
ESTABLISHMENT
FCCH Burst
3 CC SMS57 SS 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
T S Encrypted T GP
CM
Encrypted Training S
Normal Burst
Possible Channel Combinations On RT in One Cell
Timeslots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CC
RT 3
SMS
TCH
SSTCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
CM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 . . . 49 50
FS F S I
Down-link C C BCCH CCCH C C BCCH D
CH C H L
H H E
RR R
Up-link A A . . . A
CC C
CCH HSMS SS H
CM
SN = Subscriber Number
MSRN
MSISDN MSISDN
PSTN GMSC 2
1
HLR
MSRN 6
MSRN
IMSI MSRN
7 3 5
VLR
MSC
IMSI 4 MSRN
Location Related Identities
MSC 2
BTS
LA 3
BTS
BSC
VLR 2
Location Area
Location Related Identities
3 digits 2 digits 2 octets max
( 16 bits )
MCC MNC LAC
LAI
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC - Mobile Country Code.
MNC - Mobile Network Code.
LAC - Location Area Code .
1. MS Powered on.
2. Frequency Synchronization
- FCCH present in time slot T0 & has a fixed pattern of 142 0’s.
MS Switch -on
Measure strongest
BCCH channels
PLMN Selection
Idle-Mode
MS BTS BSC MSC
DTAP
RIL3 - CM CM
M
RIL3 - MM DTAP
MM
A I
P
S
RIL 3-
RIL3 - RR RR BSSMAP BSSMAP TCAP U
RR BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP P
SCCP
At MS At N/W
Ki Ki
RAND( 128 bits )
A3 A3
SRES SRES
=? ( 32 bits )
AUTHENTICATION
• Ki ( 128 bits) : Identification Key
- Purpose : Ki is used to calculate SRES and Kc.
- Ki is stored in SIM and HLR.
- Ki is never transmitted over signaling network.
A5
Ciphering Stream
Ciphered Bits
XOR
Information Bits ( 114 bits )
CIPHERING
Authentication Procedure
• Authentication procedure is always initiated and
controlled by the n/w.
The purpose of authentication procedure is two fold :
1. To check identity provided by the MS.
2. To supply n/w parameters to MS to calculate Kc.
Authentication Request
TIME
Authentication Response
Authentication Reject
Channel Request
1
RACH
SDCCH Assignment
2
AGCH
Location Update Request ( TMSI , LAI 0 )
3
SDCCH
Request IMSI
( TMSI )
4
Send IMSI
LOCATION UPDATE SCENARIO - II
Authentication and Ciphering
New Old
MS BSS MSC/ HLR/
MSC/
VLR AUC
VLR
5 Get Authentication Parameters
( IMSI )
Authentication Parameters
Authenticate MS ( RAND ) ( RAND,Kc,SRES )
6 SDCCH
Authentication Response ( SRES )
SDCCH
Cipher Radio Channel
7
( Kc )
Cipher Up Link Channel
SDCCH
LOCATION UPDATE SCENARIO - III
Authentication and Ciphering
New Old
MS BSS MSC/ HLR/
MSC/
VLR AUC
VLR
Up Link Ciphered
8
SDCCH
BSS Ciphers Down link Channel .
9 Ciphering Complete
LOCATION UPDATE SCENARIO - IV
Update HLR/VLR & TMSI Reallocation
New Old
MS BSS MSC/ HLR/
MSC/
VLR AUC
VLR
Update Location
10
De Register Mobile
11 Mobile De-registered
12
Location Updated
New Old
MS BSS MSC/ HLR/
MSC/
VLR AUC
VLR
Clear Complete
16
Release Radio
Signaling Channel
SDCCH
LOCATION UPDATION
• Listens
ND Mobile moves to CA and Powers on MS
BCCH/FCCH
Update
Location HLR
GMSC
TAX Location Update
MSC ND
CA ( TMSI, LAI )
CA LU Accept MS
LU Accept
VLR
Update ( New TMSI) 9810098111
New VLR records
CA Location VPLMN
subscriber data.
LU Accept HLR HPLMN
ND
LU Accept ( Update Location/
GMSC
TAX MSC/VLR Authentication )
ND LU Accept
ND Update
Location (Subs data)
ACK from
VLR De register old
Mobile to MSC/VLR
Old VLR
Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario
• SETUP PHASE
• RINGING PHASE
• CONVERSATION PHASE
• RELEASE PHASE
Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario
• SETUP PHASE
- REQUEST FOR SERVICE ( CHANNEL ) BY MS
- CM SERVICE REQUEST
- AUTHENTICATION
- CIPHERING
- SETUP MESSAGE
- VALIDATION AT VLR
- ASSIGNMENT
MOBILE TO LAND CALL - I
Request For Service
MSC/
MS BSS VLR
Channel Request
1
RACH
2 SDCCH Assignment
AGCH
CM Service Request
3
SDCCH
CM Service Accept
4
Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario
• CM SERVICE REQUEST
• SETUP MESSAGE
Assign TCH
7
SDCCH
MSC/VLR
Release Complete
message to MS No Is the requested basic service
provisioned for the subscriber ?
Yes
Release Complete
message to MS Yes Preliminary Digit Analysis
Is the number of digits less than the
minimum expected?
• ASSIGNMENT
Alerting
9
FACCH Connect
Start Billing
10 Connect
FACCH
Connect Acknowledge
11
FACCH
MOBILE TO LAND CALL - IV
Call Release
MSC/ GMSC
MS BSS HLR PSTN
VLR
Disconnect
12
Network Release
Release
13
FACCH
Release Complete
14
FACCH
Clear Command
15 Channel Release
• Routing Analysis
• Paging
• Authentication
• Ciphering
• Call-Setup
• Call Release
Architecture For Mobile Terminated Call
VISITING PLMN
A- Interface
MSC-B
IAM ( ISUP )
GMSC- B BSS-B
Air Interface
AC
VLR-B
SRI
K
(M
(
N)
MSI
SRN
R
SD N
MS
PR
)
K(
)
MS
AC
HLR-B
LAND TO MOBILE CALL - I
Routing Analysis
1 Incoming Call
4 Routing Information
( MSRN )
Routing Information
( MSRN )
Incoming Call
5
( MSRN )
LAND TO MOBILE CALL - II
Paging
MS BSS MSC
Perform Page
Page (TMSI)
6 PCH
Channel Request
7
( RACH )
8 Access Granted
( AGCH )
Paging Response
9 ( TMSI, LAI )
SDCCH Page Response
LAND TO MOBILE CALL - III
Call Set-up
MS BSS MSC
Call Set Up
10
SDCCH
MSC/ GMSC
MS BSS HLR PSTN
VLR
Mobile Alerting
13
FACCH Network Alerting
Connect ( off-hook )
14
FACCH
Start Billing Connect
Connect Acknowledge
15
LAND TO MOBILE CALL - V
Call Release
MSC/ GMSC
MS BSS HLR PSTN
VLR
Network Release
Disconnect
16 Stop Billing
FACCH
Release
17
Release Complete
FACCH
Release Complete
18
FACCH
Clear Command
19 Clear Channel
Page(TMSI)
ND
HLR MS
CA
HLR
MSISDN SRI
GMSC
TAX
MSC/VLR MSRN
CA
CA
CA Page(TMSI) PRN to ACK from
MS MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
CA
9881098300 (MSRN)
3. ND PSTN Subscriber Dials ND Mobile Subscriber in CA.
HLR
GMSC ND
TAX
MSC/VLR
MSRN MS
CA
CA 9810098200
CA
Page(TMSI)
MSRN
HLR
MSRN SRI
GMSC
ND TAX
MSC/VLR MSRN
ND
ND
MSISDN PRN to ACK from
MSISDN
MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
MSISDN TANDEM CA
LE
(MSRN)
CA
4. CA PSTN Subscriber Dials ND Mobile Subscriber in CA.
TANDEM
HLR
MSISDN MSISDN
GMSC
TAX MSC/VLR
LE CA 9810098400
MSRN
CA ND
CA Page(TMSI)
MSISDN MS
ND MSRN
HLR
What is Optimization ?
Why Optimization ?
1.Missing neighbors
2.Antenna adjustments
3.Issues of inter system handovers, Power
control
4.Interference
5.Coverage gap, overlap coverage, etc.
Pre Requirements for Drive Test :
Name of The SSA : Hyderabad No. of BTS in SSA : No. of BTS s covered in the month :
In addition the above formate Route map also submit with Rx level and Rx qual, & survey markers Like H/o ,Call drop ,H/o f
MECHANICAL DOWNTILTING OF ANTENNA
MECHANICAL DOWNTILTING OF ANTENNA
Analysis of Drive Test Results :
Observation Cause Solution
Physical check of Orientations &
1. Antenna Orientations & Tilt
Coverage Tilt.
Poor
2. High VSWR Value Check RF connectors & RF cables
(Low RX
Level) Check the DRX power &
3. TX Power
connectors
Check the BCCH & MAIO
frequencies
1. Intereference
Reduction of Antenna height,
Orientation & Tilt
Check the DRX power &
2. Low Rx level
connectors
Poor RX
Quality Check the neighbour list &
3. H/O failure definitions
Check the neghbour parameters
Check DRX & Check VSWR & RF
4. Assignment Failure Ratio
cable connectivity
5. Hard Ware Problem DRX problem
Analysis of Drive Test Results :
Observation Cause Solution
1. Not defining proper
Defining the proper neighbours.
neighbours
Handover
Failure 2. Improper Neighbour
Check the neghbour parameters
Parameter values
3. Due to TCH congn. Augmentation of DRIs
1. Not defining proper
Defining the proper neighbours.
neighbours
2. Low Rx level Check the DRX power & connectors
Check the BCCH & MAIO frequencies
3. Intereference Reduction of Antenna height,
Orientation & Tilt
Call Drop
Check the neighbour list &
4. H/O failure definitions
Check the neghbour parameters
Check DRX & Check VSWR & RF
5. Assignment Failure Ratio
cable connectivity
6. Hard Ware Problem DRX problem
THANKS !
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