Design and Engineering

BE 102

Introduction
Generic course : all branches of engineering.
To understand and appreciate the creative
aspects of engineering, before getting deeper
into areas of specialization
Excite the student about design and
engineering: ultimate objectives -engineering
profession
Interactive sessions, Group activity,
presentations and discussions, Evaluation?
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Genesis Space Probe

Launched August 2001
Collect particles from
solar wind
1.6 million km from Earth
Supposed to launch a
parachute upon reentry
into Earths atmosphere
Slide credit: Kenneth M. Wallace, Lectures Series on Engineering Design, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2008

Story of Gesesis Probe

Story of Gesesis Probe

Story of Gesesis Probe

Introduction
Design The starting point in Engineering
Why do we design? To meet a need / find a
solution.
What are some of the common individual needs?
What are the organizational needs?
What are the national needs?
What are the universal needs? *
Module1- Intro.pptx
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Introduction
Which came first? Science, Engineering or Technology?
Today most of the advances in E &T come from
advances in science.
This evolution happens often in parallel.
Technology at times prompts engineering and in turn
prompts science to give the clue.
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Introduction
Science gives the clue, Engineering Plans(designs)
and Technology delivers.

Technology transforms these solutions into

realities like products, processes, systems that can
be implemented.

While science is basically a knowledge driven

entity, engineering and technology are often seen as
business entities. Reason?

As E&T encompasses many areas, - different

thrust areas in the field.
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Design (Noun)
Blue print of something a plan for change
Undesirable situation (current) + Implemented plan
Desirable situation (future)

Whether a situation is undesirable and what

aspects are desirable: matters of perception
Whose perception plays an important role
The same car may be stylish to one and boring to another
One may find it cheap, another may find it expensive

Where it is perceived plays an important role

Ambassador car popular in parts of India (with bad roads) due to stability
In other parts, it is considered too heavy, slow, inefficient

When it is perceived plays an important role

The same car that was stylish become boring with time for the same person
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Design(verb)
Understanding & solving a problem:
termed Designing
Problem understanding: Process or activities
for identifying undesirable situations and
desirable situations
Problem solving: Developing a plan with the
intent of changing undesirable situations to
desirable situations

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Design and its Objectives

In Engineering, every thing is about Design.

But, Design is not every thing about Engineering.

Design is a common terminology used in all
branches of engineering as well as in some specific
areas of sciences (drug design).
Primary aim of engineering is to design and realize
a product, process or a system.
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Design and its Objectives

Design Objectives

This is the most important aspect to be

understood before initiating design.

Objectives are often not what the design should

do, but what the design should be.

Objectives are normally expressed verbally.

Example: Portable drilling machine

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Design Constraints

Design is not an open field. It has many

constraints.

An engineer - carefully understand these

constraints and work out a design that fits the
situation.

This at times puts a break on creativity? Such

challenges are there in all designs.

One major constraint in engineering, is the

regulatory frame work.

What is this? examples ???

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Design Constraints
Constraint is a restriction on design, in many fronts.

They could be on some of the features or attributes of the

design.
Many a time these constrains can be considered as yes or
no types. Binary?
Examples:
Should a design work at high temperature?
Should the product be portable?
Should it meet the environmental regulations?
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Design Constraints
Note that Design objectives and Constraints
are related, but different.

Objectives allows us to have wider choices.

(Wider Design Space)
Constraints- limit the choices in design.
(Drill weight not to exceed 1.5kg - Reduced
Design Space)

Can one think of an example - satellites?

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Design Constraints

Functional Constraints
Safety Constraints
Manufacturing Constraints
Quality Constraints
Economic Constraints
Time Constraints
Aesthetic Constraints
Ergonomic Constraints
Environmental Constraints
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Design Functions
This is about the specifics, the design is planned to do.
The drill should work in high humidity ( in rain)
The drill should switch off if the load exceeds.
Some of the functions can lead to constraints.
( specifying the maximum load)

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Design Means

It is about the approaches to make it function as

proposed.

One may look at other drill designs.

At times do some small survey of similar activities.

Do some research to see the workability.

Borrow some features from other designs.

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Design Form
Form is the shape of the design.
This has not much to do with the function.

For the same function the shape could be different

(Automobiles) * Module1- Form.pptx

However, often the design starts with form.

A building design starts with sketches.*
Module- Design sketches.pptx
Functions creep in slowly together with the means.
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Form and Function

Artificial Hip joint (Implant)

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Science, Engineering and Technology

They are closely related, but are different.*

Module1Intro 2.pptx
Science is about understanding the physical world.
Sciences give us unique solutions.
Engineering gives us choices.
It applies scientific, technological and practical
knowledge in solving the needs of the society to its
satisfaction, creatively and economically. *
Module1- Science-Eng-Tech.pptx
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Engineering- A business Proposition

Engineering is not all about designing things.
Engineering is not a curiosity shop to try different
products, processes, technology etc.
Engineering is Business. To succeed it has to pay
back.
There are some exceptions to this - Strategic
products.
Examples of designs- Faded and Sustaining ones*
Module1- Design and Business.pptx
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Functional and Strength Designs

Two important aspects of any design.

Software designs are always functional.

Designs in electronics are predominantly
functional.

Most designs consider these two aspects often

together.

Engineers tend to be more oriented towards

strength designs. *
Module1- Function & Strength.pptx
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Desirable qualities of a Design Engineer

Problem solving skills- able to identify and
define the problem to be solved.
Scientific temper and proficiency in STEM
[ Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics]
Technical and Computer skills.
Ethical, moral and professional values.
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Desirable qualities of a Design Engineer

Business and managerial acumen.
Excellent communication skills.
Cultural exposure- sensitivity, understanding,
etiquettes and manners.
Self confidence and optimism.
Concern for the environment and safety.

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Design An introduction

Design is the most creative part of engineering or

Technology. *Module1- Creative Designs.pptx

Engineers have a wide spectrum of design

requirements.

Research and development is the focus of all

thriving engineering organizations.

Output from these provide a wider area for

creative design.

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Design- a definition

One definition of Design is: Design is conceiving and giving form to

artifacts that solve problems or meet the needs
Conceiving in this context means imagining,
visualizing a solution to a problem or need.
Form means shape, physical appearance,
formulation or a procedure.

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Design? What is it?

Artifacts standard definition:
An object produced or shaped by human craft,
especially a tool, weapon, or ornament of
archaeological or historical interest.
Artifacts in design could be a product, software,
building, dress, a process, a dam, graphics etc.

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Design? What is it?

Based on the final artifacts, Designs have different

domains of existence.

Examples: Architectural Design; Building Design;

Interior Design; Fashion Design; Lighting Design;
Software Design; Product Design; Engineering Design;
Automobile Design; Machine Design; Web Design; Logo
Design- to name a few.

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Initiating the Thinking process

How to initiate creative designs?

If one encounters a totally new problem,

the solution ought to be termed as creative !

If one solves the problem differently with

an improvement then also it can be termed
as creative.

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Initiating the Thinking process

So how one can be creative in design?

Look at an existing design and think of

a new way of meeting the requirement.
* Module1- Evolving Design.pptx

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Initiating the Thinking process

Start with a creative idea for a new artifact. *

Module1- Roomba.pptx

Look for any inventions that can be

harnessed to develop a new artifact . *
Module1- velcro.pptx

For this we have to initiate the thinking

process.

What is the thinking process involved in

design?
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General Design Framework

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Need Identification
Design starts with need identification.
Whose need? User , Client or Customer;
Aircraft-

Designer: Boeing or Airbus

Client: Air India or IndiGo
User: Passengers

At times the user, the client and the customer

could be the same or different.
User - The entity that has the need to use the
design.
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Designer User and Client

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Need Identification

To start with, the Designer has to meet the

needs of the Client as well as the User.

They provide the synergy for a good

design.

In addition the Designer should be aware of

professional and social ethics and values.

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Need Identification

For any Design to be taken up, there should be

a need gap or a problem that needs a solution.
This gap or need could be identified by the user,
an observer or by an organization.

Is DESIGN same as INVENTION?

When you design a new product with a novel

idea it could be an invention. 3M glue!
*Module1- 3M postit.pptx

All inventions require design to realize them.

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Need Identification

Often the need or the need gap are only

identified by the user.

Design requires clearly defined needs. This is

termed as Problem definition and identification of
Design goals.

vaguely

Problem definition is easier when the user is the

designer.
Otherwise we need market survey and informal
interviews.

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Problem Statement
Problem statementStudents need an easy way to take their books to
school.

Now there is the need to define this problem a

bit more in detail.
Who are the students?
What is meant by easy?

Make the problem definition as best as

possible.
Identify the Product attributes/functions and
assign weightages.
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Problem Statement
Formatting the Objective Tree

Pairwise Comparison Chart to compare objectives/attributes

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Market survey- customer requirements

Identification and Defining the Problem
Market Survey/Research Objectives
Design of the Survey
Samples
Data collection
Data Analysis
Survey outcome
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Market survey- customer

requirements.
Your company makes the new flip and fold device. You
want to find out what consumers think about it and
how much they are willing to pay. What sort of survey
technique do you use and why. Who do you target in
your survey

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Design Attributes

Objectives :- These are the desired deliverables

from the design. They often include design
attributes and operation that the user wants in the
design.

Constraints:- These could be from the product

angle , user angle, regulatory angle, or from the
scientific/technical angle.

Functions:- are entities a design is supposed to do.

Requirements:- are specifications (functional or
non functional) that are specified by the user/
standards.
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Design Attributes

Designs have both soft and hard objectives.

Presently many products rule the markets based

on their soft attributes like novel design, styling
and the image they bring to the user.

Aesthetics
Feel, Form
Texture, Colour

Perception
Cheap
Delicate

Style
Contemporary

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Some Design Attributes

Originality and innovativeness

Cost
Durability
Aesthetics
Perception: fragile or robust, classy or trendy, feminine or masculine,
Handling
Serviceability and Reparability
Sustainability
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Ideation

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Brainstorming

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Brainstorming
Most common method used by design teams to
generate ideas
Developed by Alex Osborn- stimulate creative
magazine Ads
Generating ideas in a nonthreatening
environment
Objective: greatest number of alternate ideas
Enthusiastic session of rapid free flowing ideas
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Brainstorming
Fundamental principles of Brainstorming

Criticism not allowed

Piggy backing- look positively and add to others ideas
Think out of the box- forget constraints
Maximum ideas in minimum time- 30 ideas in 30 mins

Facilitator control idea flow, record

blackboard/flipchart
Emotional and environmental mental blocksbrainwriting before brain storming
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