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Class 3
Vehicles
Housekeeping
Emails: Course # in Subject Line
Ex. CIVL 412 Question on Homework
Homework 1
Due 02/01/2016 (Today)
Road Vehicle
Performance
Why is vehicle
performance
important?
Determines all highway
design and traffic
operations
Defines how
transportation engineers
must react to advancing
vehicle technologies
The single most
important factor in
defining the tradeoff
between mobility
(speed) and safety
3
Vehicle Performance
Vehicle Capabilities
Acceleration
Breaking
Accident
Reconstruction
Enviro Impacts
Emissions
Fuel
Noise
Etc.
Vehicle Performance
Driver Capabilities
perception/reacti
on times
eyesight
(peripheral
range, height
above roadway)
Acceleration
Case of constant Power
Where t = time
Where f = force and x = distance
Where v = velocity
Acceleration
Speed vs Time
v
v
Falling object
Vehicles
Constant
Acceleration
Constant Power
Distance vs Time
x
x
Falling object
Constant
Acceleration
Vehicles
Constant Power
t
7
Acceleration
Speed vs Distance
60
30
where
d = v0t +
()at2
vf2 = v02 +
2ad ft/sec
vf = final velocity,
v0 = initial velocity, ft/sec
a = acceleration or deceleration, ft/sec2
t = time, sec
d = distance, ft
Resistance Forces
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Air
Inertial
Grade
Rolling
Curve
1. Air Resistance
Fa = 0.5 x C x A x ( x v2)
C = drag coefficient (0.4 0.8)
A = frontal cross sectional area (ft2)
= air density (lb/ft3) (0.078)
v = vehicle velocity (ft/sec)
Coefficient of Drag CD
Volkswagen XL1 =
0.189
GM EV1 = 0.195
12
2. Inertial Resistance
Force to accelerate
Fi = m x a = (w/g) x a
w = weight (lbs)
g = 32.2 (ft/sec2)
a = accel (ft/sec2)
3. Grade Resistance
Fg = m x g x sin
Fg
3. Grade Resistance
Fg = m x g x sin
23o
w = 2.6 Tons
Fg
3. Grade Resistance
Fg = m x g x sin
23o
12
13
w = 5200 #
Fg = 2000 #
3. Grade Resistance
Fg = m x g x sin
23o
w = 5200 #
Fg = 2000 #
3. Grade Resistance
Fg = m x g x sin
23o
w = 5200 #
Fg = 2000 #
3. Grade Resistance
Fg = m x g x sin
6o
10
w = 2.6 Tons
Fg
3. Grade Resistance
6o
10
w = 5200 #
9.94
1.04
Fg 520 #
If the angle
is small,
Sin Tan
4. Rolling Resistance
90% Tire deformation
10% Mechanical parts
Fr = x w
Fr
3%
3
100
100.045
3%
9,995.50 #
100
10,000.00 #
100
100.045
3
3
299.87#
9,995.50 #
100.045
100
3%
249.89#
299.87
49.98#
100.045
100
9,995.50 #
5. Curve Resistance
F=mxa
Fc = m x ac = (w/g) x v2/(2
x R)
V = speed (velocity)
(ft/sec)
w = weight (lbs)
g = 32.2 (ft/sec2)
a = accel (ft/sec2)
v = speed (velocity)
(ft/sec)
R = sum of resistances
(lbs)
R = Fa ,Fi , Fg , Fr , Fc
Pavement
Ma
x
Slid
e
1.00 0.80
0.90 0.60
0.80 0.55
0.60 0.30
Packed
snow/ice
0.25 0.10
Driver Characteristics
The Sensory Process
1. Visual (sight)
2. Kinesthetic (movement)
3. Vestibular (equilibrium)
4. Auditory (hearing)
Driver Characteristics
Perception Reaction Time
The interval
between seeing,
feeling, or hearing
a traffic
situation
and making an
initial response to
what has been
perceived.
Driver Characteristics
Perception Reaction: 4 Points
1.
2.
3.
4.
Detection
Identification
Decision
Response
Driver Characteristics
Perception Reaction
Detection something enters the
field of vision
Identification Sufficient
information is collected to make a
decision
Decision What action to take
Response Action carried out
Critical Distances
Sight Distance:
The length of highway visible
ahead to the driver of a vehicle.
Sight Distances
Stopping Sight
Distance
Passing Sight
Distance
Complex Locations
Decision Sight
Distance
Sight Distances
Stopping Sight
Distance
Passing Sight
Distance
Complex Locations
Decision Sight
Distance
Stopping Sight
Brake Reaction Distance
v0tr = 1.47 v0tr
Braking Distance
Equations
translate mph
into feet
Stopping Sight
Stoppings
Safe Stopping Distance
(SSD)
SSD = v0tr + v2/(2a)
Accident Reconstruction
44
Source: AASHTO
Source: AASHTO
Vehicle Types
Simple
Classification
Cars
Buses
Trucks
Recreational
Vehicles
Vehicle Types
Detailed
Classification
Cars
Cars
Vans
SUVs
Buses
Mini-bus
City-bus
Suburban Bus
Articulated Bus
Recreational
Vehicles
Detailed Classification
Trucks
Single Unit (SU)
Semi-Trailer (WB)
Designing a Curb