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HYDRAULIC DESIGN 2

Why is site investigation essential


in dam design and construction?

What is a site investigation?


A site investigation is an assessment
of the site geological conditions,
methods of construction and
evaluation of cost for a proposed
project location prior to undertaking.

WHY A SITE INVESTIGATION


To know:
the depth of overburden that must be removed to reach
an acceptable foundation for the dam wall;
the rock types which make up the foundation and to what
extent are they affected by surface weathering;
what are the engineering properties of the foundation
rock types (important properties are strength,
deformability and durability);
the geological structure of the foundation (ie jointing,
faulting and folding of the rock strata). A full description
of the defect pattern in the rock mass should include
orientation, spacing, extent or persistence and aperture
or openess;

how permeable is the rock foundation (ie to what extent


are the rock defects such as joints, faults and bedding
open);
where can adequate supplies of construction materials
such as clay, sand, gravel and rock fill be obtained,
preferably as close as possible to the dam site;
will the rock that must be excavated to provide a
spillway for the dam be acceptable for use as rock fill in
the construction of the dam embankment;
will the spillway require concrete lining and an energy
dissipation structure at its downstream end or is the
spillway rock sufficiently erosion resistant that these can
be omitted.

The effects and impacts of the


proposed project on its environment.
The possible construction problems

PROCESSES INVOLVED IN SITE


INVESTIGATION
DESK SYUDY
Looking at geological maps
Topographical maps
Aerial photographs
Previous site investigation reports
Asking local people and authorities
Satellite photography
Google earth

Preliminary Investigation
Aerial Reconnaissance - An initial
commissioned flyover is essential, providing
the Engineer with an idea of the topography
and enabling him to form an opinion of the
probable hydrological characteristics of
catchment
Ground Reconnaissance - Features that
should be sought during early reconnaissance
include old and potential land slides, geological
faults and major joints parallel with the valley.

Geophysical Investigation
Geophysical methods provide an
indirect evaluation of certain
underground conditions. Several
procedures have been developed, all
of which measure some force pattern
in the earth.
Methods include:
Seismic refraction surveys
Electrical resistivity surveys

Exploratory Investigation
Purpose - to secure accurate
information about the soil and rock
stratification, the composition of the
materials and the location of ground
water.
Boring and Sampling (test pits)
Laboratory testing
Correlation of results


Detailed Investigation

The evaluation of preliminary desk


and field work should assess the
potential for major hazards and
qualitatively assess the likelihood of
encountering any more hazards. This
should allow a ranking of the
potential sites in order of their
probable suitability.

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