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Transducers /sensors
Takes input information about the physical
variable to be measured and convert it into a
suitable form
S.No
Physical variable
Output
Change in
temperature
Change in
electrical
voltage
Pressure
Resistance
Flow of liquid
Capacitanc
e
Level of liquid
Inductance
Displacement
BASIC TYPES
Active transducer :does not require
external stimulation to work.
Examples: Thermocouples
,Piezoelectric accelerometers.
Passive transducer :requires
external supply to work.
Examples: Thermistor, Resistance
temperature detector,Straingauges.
Displacement sensors
Types :
1.Contact type: have direct contact
with the object
2.Non contact type : use laser
beam or ultrasonic beam for
detection.
1.
Potentiometer
2.
E1 > E2.
Speed sensor
Optical method
(linear speed)
Tachogenerator(An
gular speed)
Turbine meter
Load cell
CHANGE IN LEVEL
CHANGE IN WEIGHT
CHANGE IN LOAD
CHANGE IN RESISTANCE OF
STRAIN GAUGE
Temperature sensors
sense temperature and gives a proportional output.
The output may be a resistance change or voltage or
current signal
Types of temperature sensors
1.
2.
3.
4.
Glass thermometer
Resistance thermometer (RTD )
Thermistor
Thermocouples
1.Glass thermometer
Liquid inside the tube
expands when it sense
temperature
Mercury : -35
C to +600
Disadvantages
Fragile (easily
broken)
Slow reacting
Advantages :
Usable range = -35 o C to +600 o C Cheap
Reasonable
accuracy
Accuracy = 1 %
R R (1 t )
t
TYPE
TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT - (/ C)
RANGE
PLATINUM
NICKEL
COPPER
0.0039 / C
0.0067 / C
0.0038 / C
-200 C to 850 C
-80 C to 300 C
-200 v to 250 C
CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
CHANGE IN RESISTANCE
3.Thermistor
semiconductor temperature sensor made
from mixture of metal oxides.
Metal-Oxides used: CHROMIUM, COBALT, IRON,
MANGANESE & NICKEL.
Resistance of THERMISTER
decreases very non-linearly with
increase in temperature
Advantag
es
Sensitivit
y
Accuracy
Disadvant
age
Nonlinearity
Selfheating
4.Thermocouple
,
TABLE-THERMOCOUPLES
SENSITIVITY
V/ C
63
53
41
6
RANGE ( C)
43
-180to 370
0 to 980
-180 to 760
-180 to 1260
0 to 1750
E, J, K & T
- Cheap,
MATERIAL
CHROMEL-CONSTANTAN
IRON-CONSTANTAN
CHEOMEL-ALUMEL
PLATINUM-PLATINUM/
RHODIUM 13%
COPPER-CONSTANTAN
E
J
K
R
T
Less Stable,
Small Life,
Accuracy=1.0 to 3.0
%.
TYPE
More Stable
Long-life,
Fast Response,
Accuracy = 1%.
Signal processor
examples :
1.Resistance to voltage converter
When
the
resistance
of
the
Thermister (RT) changes the output
voltage of Potential divider changes.
across AB =
across AD =
ADC stages:
.
Resolution
The minimum change in input that can be detected (The Resolution),
ADC techniques