Evaluacion de Formaciones

DIPLOMADO GEOLOGIA DEL
PETROLEO
FORMATION EVALUATION
EVALUACIN DE FORMCIONES
BIBLIOGRAFA
Asquith, G. B., Gibson, Ch., 1982. Basic Well Log Analysis for Geologists. Methods in Exploration. AAPG.
Tulsa Oklahoma.
Asquith, G. B., Log Evaluation for Shaly Sandstones Reservoirs. Continuinig Education Series No 31.
AAPG. Tulsa Oklahoma.
Asquith, G. B., 1985. Handbook of Log Evaluation Techniques for Carboantes Reservoirs. Methods in
Exploration No 5. AAPG. Tulsa Oklahoma.
Bateman, R.M. 1985. Log Quality Control.
Bendek, J.,1992. Perfiles Elctricos, una herramienta para la Evaluacin de Formaciones. Asociacin
Colombiana de Geologos y Geofsicos del Petrleo.
Coates R.G., Xiao L, Prammer M. 1999 NMR logging. Principles and Applications Halliburton Energy
services, Houston , Texas
Dewan J. T., 1983, Essential of Modern Hole Log Interpretation. PennWell Publishing Company. Tulsa
Oklahoma.
Dresser Atlas, 1982, Well Logging and Interpretation Techniques.
Foster N. H., 1999, Formation Evaluation I. Treatise of Petroleum Geology. Reprint Series No 16. AAPG,
Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Foster N. H., 1999, Formation Evaluation II. Treatise of Petroleum Geology. Reprint Series No 17. AAPG,
Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Hilchie D.W.,1989 Advanced Well Log Interpretation. Douglas W. Hilchie Inc. Boulder
EVALUACIN DE FORMCIONES
BIBLIOGRAFA
Merkel R.H.,1979, Well Log Formation Evaluation, Continuing Education Course Notes Series No
31, AAPG. Tulsa, OKlahoma
Schlumberger, 1979, Fundamentos de la Interpretacin de Perfiles.
Schlumberger, 2000, Log interpretation Charts, Sugarland, Texas.
Schlumberger, 1980, Tcnicas de Perfilaje en Venezuela.
Schlumberger, 1981, Fundamentos de la Interpretacin de Perfiles de Buzamiento.
Schlumberger, 1985, Ssmica de Pozo.
Schlumberger, 1987, Log Interpretation Principles / Applications.
Schlumberger, 1985, A Wellsite guide to the recognition of low resistivity pay sands in the Gulf of
Mexico.
Serra O., 1985, Sedimentary Environments from Wireline Logs. Schlumberger
EVALUACION DE FORMACIONES
PROGRAMA
1 Evaluacin de Formaciones
1.1 Introduccin.
1.2 Registros Elctricos
1.2.1 Principios Elctricos
1.2.2 Principios de Interpretacin de Registros Elctricos.
1.3 Registro Litolgico
1.4 Registro Continuo de Hidrocarburos (Mud Logging)
1.5 Registro de Potencial Espontneo (SP)
1.5.1 Calculo de Rw a partir de la curva de SP
1.6 Registros que miden resisitividad
1.6.1 No Enfocados
1.6.1.1 Centralizados
1.6.1.1.1 Normal Corto 16. Rxo
1.6.1.1.2 Normal Largo 64. Rt
1.6.1.1.3 Lateral de 19 pies. (Rt)
1.6.1.2 De Contacto
1.6.1.2.1 Microlog (Rxo)
1.6.1.2.2 Perfil de Buzamiento (Dipmeter)
PROGRAMA
1.6.2 Enfocados
1.6.2.1Centralizados
1.6.2.1.1Lateroperfiles (Laterologs), LL3, LL7,LL8, DLL.
1.6.2.2 De Contacto
1.6.2.2.1 Microlaterolog, Proximity, MSFL (Rxo).
1.7 Herramientas que miden conductividad
1.7.1Registro de Induccin. 6FF28, 6FF40, ISF, DIL, Phasor
1.7.1.1 Perfiles de Invasin.
1.2.1.2 Rwa
1.8 Herramientas Acsticas
1.3.1 Registro Snico. BHC, LSS.
1.3.1.1 Calculo de Porosidad Snica
1.3.1.2 Cross Plot Delta T vs Resistividad
1.3.1.3 Registro de Velocidad.
1.3.1.3.1 Check Shot
1.3.1.3.2 Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP)
1.3.1.3.3 Offset seismic profiles
PROGRAMA
1.9 Herramientas Radioactivas
1.9.1 Miden Rayos Gama Naturales. GR; NGR.
1.9.1.1 Calculo del Volumen de Arcilla (V clay)
1.9.2 Miden Rayos Gama Inducidos por Rayos Gamma
1.9.2.1 Registro de Densidad. Calculo de Porosidad
1.9.3 Miden Neutrones Inducidos por R.G. o Neutrones
1.9.3.1 Registro de Neutron. Calculo de Porosidad
1.9.4 Porosidad efectiva.
1.10 Determinacion de Ambientes Sedimentarios a partir de Registros
de Pozo.
1.11 Mecanica de rocas.
1.12 Herramientas para el nuevo siglo (Resonancia Magntica, Cast,
Emi, Rmt (reservoir monitoring tool) etc.
1.13 Transmicion tiempo Real
PETROPHYSICS
Formation and reservoir evaluation
Introduction
Goals
Show that any formation and reservoir
evaluation must respond to the following
questions :
Detection and location of reservoir
Evaluation of their volume
- Thickness
Fluid nature determination
Hydrocarbon volume evaluation
- Effective porosity
- Hydrocarbon saturation
Reservoir productiveness evaluation
- Reservoir permeability
- Reservoir pressure
Economic potential
- Development cost
Oil
Water contact
Oil
Water contact
Oil
Water contact
Gas
Oil contact
These goals correspond in fact to a precise

geological description of the formations
Reservoir rock
Hydrocarbon
Oil
Water contact
Introduction
Petrophysics is the study of the physical
properties of reservoir rocks
Study of physical principles on which are based the
logging tools which measure the petrophysical
properties of rocks
Analysis of the measurements recorded in the wells,
focusing fundamentally on reservoir intervals
Formation and Reservoir evaluation in terms of :
porosity
permeability
volume of fluids in place and producible
General Comments
Petrophysics is concerned by the study of rock physics and physical principles

on which are based the logging tool and by their application.
It would be convenient to never forget that all those physical measurements are
recorded to describe, study and evaluate the economic potential of the rocks
forming the subsurface.
Geology is oversimplified and tries to describe and evaluate reservoirs through

mathematical formulae. Geology is a natural science that cannot be simplified
and put in equations. Many parameters control the formation of minerals, rocks,
beds and resources. In addition, most of the time these parameters are
interdependent.
Modern petrophysics should endeavor to do a better and reliable description of

the geological reality. The petrophysicist and the log analyst should never forget
that any log interpretation is in fact and by nature a geological interpretation.
Importance of a complete well logging set

Well logs are the most important source
of information for reservoir evaluation.
Any economy, realized on a short term,
by reduction of the logging program may
generate, on a long term basis, an
important cost increase of the field
development (dry wells or injection wells
badly located).
The lack of information about the current
transport direction in this meandering
channel system has generated the drilling
of 23 dry wells!
69% success rate in this case!
Dry wells
23 dry wells
Oil wells
53 oil wells
Sand thickness : # 20 m Channel width : # 1000 m

Sand isopach map
Berg, 1968
Important issues for an interpretation approach

This approach is limitative as the number of equations is limited to the
number of logging parameters taken into account
Logging tools have different vertical resolution and depth of investigation.
Consequently, combination of their data is not always valid, as they do not
correspond necessarily to identical volume of rock
Some log data are not representative due to the lack of resolution of
standard tools
A perfect depth matching of log data is sometimes difficult to achieve if
logging speed variations are not recorded by an accelerometer tool,
added to the logging string
Most of the equations are empirical
Logging parameters of minerals are fixed. They do not take into account
possible variations of their elemental composition and, consequently, of
their logging parameters
Review of general notions
Formation evaluation
Definition:
The process of evaluating gas- or oil-bearing formations, and of appraising
their commercial significance
It corresponds to the following steps:
determine the petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks,
evaluate their volume and the nature of their content in gas or oil,
estimate their economical potential.
This evaluation implies the study of all the available data that are of :
- different origins and natures,
- obtained at different scales,
linking constantly the observations made at one scale to those made at
another scale.
Analysis from seismic to cores
Scaling down
Origin
of data
Scale
A complete, accurate and reliable geological description requires a constant

change of observation scale, using different techniques.
Serra, 2002
Reservoir
Definition
A reservoir is a volume
of rock that has sufficient
porosity and permeability
to permit the
accumulation of crude oil
or natural gas under
adequate trap
conditions
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir
bed
bed
ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES
Resistivity Ohms Law

VAB = r . IAB
VAB
is the potential difference between A and B
IAB
current flowing from A to B

VAB
IAB
Rock of resistance r
A
+
Voltmeter
Resistivity definition
r R
l
A
A
r is the resistance
R is the resistivity
l is the length of the rock
A is the area of the rock cylinder
Rock of
resistivity
R
FLUJO DE CORRIENTE EN UN ESTRATO
En las rocas sedimentarias la conduccin se debe al movimiento

de iones mientras en los metales se debe al movimiento de
electrones
Los iones que conducen la corriente en rocas sedimentarias son el
resultado de la disociacin de sales
Electrolitos: Soluciones de cidos, bases y sales (conducen la
electricidad)
Incremento en la concentracin salina, baja resistencia el flujo de
corriente.
Incremento de la temperatura, baja resistencia al flujo de
electrones (a mayor T, baja viscosidad)
LOG INTERPRETATION
PRINCIPLES
Permeability anisotropy linked to sedimentation units

A meandering fluvial channel
The sedimentation unit is

composed of a collection of
rock fragments or minerals A sedimentation unit
presenting a typical internal
organization (texture and
structure) giving to the unit
some well defined initial
petrophysical properties:
porosity volume, pore size
Direction of highest permeability
and distribution
permeability value and
anisotropy.
Direction of
transport stream
Serra 2002
The rock internal organization

The rock internal organization controls the rock
petrophysical properties. It depends on its texture and
its internal structure.
The texture is the general physical appearance or
character of a rock, including the geometric aspects and
the mutual relations among, its component particles or
crystals; e.g. the size, shape and arrangement of the
constituent elements of a sedimentary rock. The term is
applied to the smaller (megascopic or microscopic)
features as seen on a smooth surface
The structure is a megascopic feature of a rock
mass or rock unit, generally seen best in the outcrop
rather than in hand specimen or in thin section
The rock petrophysical properties
Depend fundamentally on :
- porosity
- permeability
- fluid content
- mineral and elemental composition
Porosity types :
- Total porosity : it is equal to the ratio of the
total volume of void space (pores, canal, vugs,
) existing between the solid elements of a
rock, to the total rock volume :
Phit = (Vt Vs)/Vt = Vp/Vt
It includes:
- the primary porosity, Phi1, which is the
porosity that developed during the final stages
of sedimentation or that was present within
sedimentary particles at the time of deposition
- the secondary porosity, Phi2, which is the
porosity developed in a rock after its
deposition or emplacement, through such
processes as solution or fracturing
Secondary porosity
Definition : the porosity is the fraction of the total

volume of a rock non occupied by solid elements
or, in other terms, occupied by pores or voids. It is
the pore volume per unit volume of formation.
Primary porosity
Porosity
Intergranular Porosity
Moldic Porosity
Fracture Porosity
Porosity in carbonate rocks
- Connected porosity : it is equal to the

percentage of pores linked to them.
- Potential porosity : it is equal to the
percentage of total volume of voids
linked to them by small interconnecting
channels of which the section is higher
than a limit below what the fluid cannot
circulate (20 mm for oil, 5 mm for gas).
- Effective porosity : it is the porosity
accessible to free fluids. It excludes
the non connected porosity and the
space occupied by adsorbed water
and clay bound water.
Choquette & Pray, 1970
Permeability
absolute permeability, k, if the fluid is

homogeneous and does not interact with
the rock itself;
effective permeability which expresses
the property of a fluid to flow through a
reservoir in the presence of other fluids;
Q = k(1/m)(A/h)(P1-P2)
Q : flow, m : viscosity, A : surface, h :
flowing distance, P1 et P2 : upstream and
downstream pressures
Saturation (Sw)
Relative permeabilities
the relative permeability which

corresponds to the ratio of the effective
permeability to the absolute permeability.
It depends on the saturation.
Capillary pressure
air-water (psi)
Permaabilities:
Permeability (k)
Capillary pressure
oil-water (psi)
The permeability is the measure of the

ease with which a fluid of a given viscosity
can flow through a formation. It depends
on the capillary pressure.
Saturation
Serra 2002
Saturation
Water wet
The saturation in fluid of a

formation is the ratio of the
pore volume occupied by
this fluid to the total volume
of pores.
If this fluid is water,:
Sw = Vw/Vp
The general formula is :
grain
water
Oil wet
grain
oil
water
oil
Oil wet
I = Rt/Ro
Swn = Ro/Rt = 1/I

Water wet
Saturation Sw
Serra 2002
Determination of general parameters

These parameters are valuable for a depth interval corresponding to a
similar type of depositional environment
Temperature determination
Pressure determination
Rm, Rmf, Rmc Determination
Rw Determination
a, m & n Determination
Temperature Determination
(Schlumbergers courtesy)
Porosity, (p.u.)
Relationship between Formation factor & Porosity
Formation factor, FR
Saturation equations
a Rw
mRt
Archies equation
Laminated shale equation
2 2
Sw
1
V shlam
Rt 1V shlama Rw Rsh
Dispersed shale equation
a Rw q RshdRw 2 q Rshd Rw
2
2
2Rshd
Rshd
im
S w
1q
Waxman-Smiths equation
2
S
1 w BQvS w
Rt F *Rw
F*
n
w
tmsnwt
S wb
C
C
C
C
Dual-water model equation t a w S
wb
w
wt
Sources of information
Resolution
10 m
1m
Seismic data
1m
Standard logs
Volume & surface

attributes
Volume attributes
General external
structure
Major sedimentary
breaks
Idea of the environment
Gross electrobed
thickness
Bulk lithology
Major breaks
1cm
Image data
Cores
Volume & surface

attributes
Precise unit of deposition
thickness
Texture
Internal structure
Structural dip, faults
folds, unconformities
Serra 2002
Links between well log measurements and geology
Well logs strongly depend

on geological attributes
consequently they
constitute a fundamental
source of geological
information
Serra 2002
Any log interpretation is by nature a

geological interpretation
In subsurface, well logs represent the
fundamental source of geological and
petrophysical information
Logging Truck or Cabin
Logging truck and Offshore cabin

from Schlumberger
ECLIPS
Offshore & Land Unit from Baker Atlas
The interpretation model

Before any
reservoir
5 submodels
must bementioned
taken into account
It must
takeevaluation
into account
the sub-models
below
Borehole
model
Geological
model
Tool
model
Reservoir
model
Mathematical
model
Evaluation
Serra 2002
Model linked to well

Type of well
- Vertical
- Deviated
- Horizontal
Hole and caliper profile

Well equipment
- Open hole
Drilling mode
- Bit
Drilling fluid
- Air
Mud type
Bottom depth
Invasion Profile
- Cased hole
- Turbine
- Foam
- Mud
- Normal (water based)
- Oil base mud
- With additive (salt, barite, KCl)
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Abrupt
- Progressive
Type of well
(courtesy of Schlumberger)
Invasion Model and Resistivity Profile
Hole
Axis
Resistivity
Formation
Radial distribution of fluids
Mud
Distance
Simplified profile : abrupt limit
Radial distribution of resistivity
Actual profile : progressive evolution with

annulus
Borehole effects
FLUID MOBILITY :
Serra 2002
Model linked to the available well logging set

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Set of records Combined tools
Relationship between the actual raw measurement and the
measurements reproduced on the logs
Environmental effects on log quality
Sampling rate
Accuracy and precision of measurements
Quality of calibrations
Vertical resolution of each tool
Depth of investigation
Origin of data
The well logging data may have two origins:
LWD origin, so recorded during the drilling itself, with
problems linked to :
- rate of penetration
- frequency of sampling
Wireline origin, so recorded after drilling with all the problems
linked to this case :
- cave development,
- recording speed variations,
- invasion more or less important.
Measurement While Drilling (MWD/LWD)

MWD INITIAL OBJECTIVES:
It measures physical properties such as temperature, pressure and wellbore
trajectory in 3D-space at the bit and also
DWOB: Downhole Weight On the Bit
DTOR: Downhole Torque
ROP: Rate Of Penetration
CURRENT MWD TELEMETRY:
Cable (only if the drilling bit contains a motor)
Mud Pulses (3 Types) 1 to 10 Bits/sec (depending on the service company)
Electromagnetic Waves (in 1-5 ohm-m) 1-5 Bits/Sec

Mud Pulse Telemetry System and GeoSteering
Power Pulse Tool
Turbine
RWOB Tool
Mud
Pressure
Positive
Pulse
Mud pulse siren
Time
Mud
Negative pulse: uses a controlled valve (up to 5

bits/sec)
Pressure
Negative
pulse
Time
Positive pulse: uses a hydraulic poppet

Pressure
Continuous waves (Siren):

a rotary valve or "mud siren" turns with the
help of a slotted rotor and stator which
restricts the mud flow. This generates a
modulating positive pressure wave which
travels to the surface and is detected at the
standpipe.
Siren
Time

Electromagnetic Wave telemetry system
The electromagnetic system transmits real-time
MWD data at low-frequency (2-15 Hz)
electromagnetic waves that propagate through the
formation using the drill-string as a wave guide.
Features
No continuous fluid column requirements
Battery-operated
Two-way data transmission
Repeaters can be used to increase signal strength
Problems
Formation of less than 1ohm-m, high depth
MWD/LWD ADVANTAGES:
Petrophysical properties can be recorded before practically
any invasion.
Tools-pipe diameter reduces the influence of borehole and

mud.
Real-time information that saves rigging costs, improves

safety (overpressure, gas entry detection, etc)
Real-time lithological description.
Insurance of getting retrievable data in case the well

collapses.
LWD measurements
Typical wireline equipment
Platform Express measurements

The lower section of the string can be
an induction or a laterolog-type device,
depending on borehole mud resistivity
and borehole/formation resistivity
contrast.
Hinge joints above and below the HighResolution Mechanical Sonde allow the
tool to better negotiate rough boreholes
and improve pad contact.

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Sampling rate
Type of tools used
It frequently happens, due to the time

required for basin exploration or field
development, that the tool type has
changed between the first well and
the latest ones.
It also happens that the service

company has changed.
Due to that, a lack of homogeneity

can be observed in the nature and
the log quality which can generate
evaluation problems.
Therefore, it is necessary to make the

data homogeneous in order to
eliminate the errors linked to these
different tool equipments.
This can be achieved only by a

mutual calibration of the different
data.

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Sampling rate
Equipment or set of combined tools

A run combined equipment
Platform Express
be aware in a
combined equipment
such as triple
combo , the tool
situated at the top
cannot provide any
information
corresponding to the x
meters of the bottom.
So, it is important to
know exactly the
respective measure
point of each tool in the
combination.

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Sampling rate
Some measurements,
especially the nuclear ones,
start by the acquisition of raw
data which are ultimately
translated into log data. The
transfer equations are often
complexes or empirical.
Thus, in the case of neutronic
measurements, what is really
measured corresponds to
counts per second generated
inside different detectors by
epithermal or thermal neutron
capture, taking into account
slowing down, diffusion or
neutron migration lengths.
Slowing down length, L (cm)
Link between raw measures and measures on logs
Sandstone
Limestone
Dolostone
Water filled porosity (%)
Conversion in porosity of counts for neutron

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Sampling rate
Corrections of environmental effects

Most of the measures are affected by
several factors combined under the
term of environmental effects :
Borehole diameter,
Mud-cake thickness,
Mud salinity,
Mud density,
Temperature,
Pressure,
Formation water salinity,
Bed thickness
The presented charts are for neutron

CNL measurement

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Sampling rate
Influence of sampling rate

Sampling rate
For standard tools the

sampling rate corresponds
generally to a sample each 6
in. of vertical displacement. It
can be one sample each 1
in. or even 0.4 in. for the
electromagnetic tool.
Naturally, this affects the
curve shape and the value
measured as shown by the
example on the side.
Tpl curve

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Sampling rate
Accuracy and Precision
As for any type of physical measurement, it is convenient to

consider simultaneously the accuracy and the precision of well log
measurements.
Accuracy of a measurement is how close the result comes to
the true value.It is a measure of the correctness of the result. It
depends on how well the systematic error is controlled and
corrected for.
Precision is how exactly the result is determined, regardless of
its proximity to the true value. It depends on how well random
error is analyzed and overcome.
Example: the true value of density of a bed is 2,22 g/cm3. A tool of
type A has measured 2,23 0,01. It is accurate.
Another tool of type B has measured 2, 325. It is precise but
not accurate due to a bad calibration.
Repeatability of the measurement
In order to control the accuracy, precision and validity of the

measurement, a repeat section is recorded on a depth interval (200
feet or 65 meters), covering generally the zone of interest.
The quality of the repeat section is controlled either by superimposing

a transparent of the repeat section on the main log, or by reporting on
a cross-plot the values of the repeat section versus those of the main
log on the same depth interval.

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Sampling rate
Calibration steps
Primary calibration standards
Secondary standards
Tertiary standard
Calibrator
straps onto
tool
housing

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Sampling rate
Tool vertical resolution
Serra 2002

Origin
Types
of data
of tools used
Sampling rate
Depth of investigation of the tools
Very thick
Beds
Medium
Thin
Dipmeter
Imagery
0.3
Very thin
Laminae
Stratas (cm)
Thick
100
Laterolog Phasor Induction

Acoustic
Array Induction
30
Compensated neutron
Gamma ray
Litho-density
10
Litho-density (improved. resol.)
Electromagnetism
Microdevices
Thin section
Borehole wall
Thickness (cm)
Standard induction
0.1
ation
g
i
t
s
e
v
of in
h
t
p
e
D
Serra 2002
Measurement alteration
Cave effect
Mudcake effect
Mud effect (barite, KCl, )
Eccentering effect (sonic)
Shoulder bed effects
Temperature and pressure effects
Noise (telluric currents, magnetism, )
Hole
The interpretation model

Before any
reservoir
5 submodels
must bementioned
taken into account
It must
takeevaluation
into account
the sub-models
below
Borehole
model
Geological
model
Tool
model
Reservoir
model
Mathematical
model
Evaluation
Serra 2002
Model linked to the reservoir type
A reservoir is composed of several depositional units,

each being characterized by their own attributes which
control its petrophysical properties.
These characteristics must be taken into account for the
selection of :
The interpretation parameters,
The equations for the computation of the petrophysical
properties.
The Geological Model

Each depositional unit is characterized :
By its original facies :
Its elementary and mineralogical composition,
Its texture,
Its internal structure,
Its volume or its geometry depending on its
depositional environment.
Also by :
The transformations undergone since its deposition,
The deformations due to tectonic or burial stresses.
It depends on the reservoir type
The Mathematical Model
It includes :
The log response equations.
The equations for correction of
environmental effects.
The empirical equations linking the
well logging measurements to the
petrophysical parameters :
Archie and others,
Porosity equations,
Sonic equations, etc.
The uncertainties.
The physical constraints.
Corrections of density for fluid type
The external constraints.
Spin and ribs
Corrections of density for mud cake

Sonic equations
Porosity (p.u.)
Porosity (p.u.)
Average time
Field observation
Compressional Slowness (s/m)
Chart for porosity evaluation

from sonic data
Aspect ratio
Compressional Slowness (s/ft)
Real measures put on an amplified

section of the left chart
Review of standard petrophysical measurements
Spontaneous Potential
Resistivity
Conductivity
Acoustic Measurements
Natural Radioactivity
Density
Index hydrogen : Neutron
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Sampling
Well seismics
Clasificacin de Herramientas Elctricas

Spontaneous Potential (SP)
Envian corriente leen Resistividad
No Enfocados
Centralizados
Normal 16
Normal 64
Lateral 19
Rxo
Rt
Rt
De Contacto
Microlog
Dipmeter
SHDT
FMI
Rxo
Enfocados
Centralizados (Serie)
DLL (LLd, LLs)
LL3, LL8, SFL
Rt, Ri
Rt, Ri
De Contacto
MSFL
MLL
Proximity
Rxo,
Rxo, Ri
Ri, Rxo
Envian corriente leen Conductividad

Induccin, Phasor, AIT
Resistivity
Conductivity
Density
Sampling
Well seismics
Hole
axis
Ec = Em + Ej = -K log aw/amf
Hole wall
Mud
Shale
Sand
Sand
Mud-cake
Em = -59.1 log aw/amf
Membrane Potential
Ej = -11.5 log aw/amf Hole wall
Migration Cl
Shale
Porous rock
Measurement of the formation spontaneous potential.

Determination of the formation water resistivity.
Shaliness evaluation depositional environment
Shale
Virgin zone
Measurement principle
Sand
Formation
water
Hole
axis
Mud
Flushed zone
Shale
Shale base line
Migration Na+
Filtrate
Shale
Liquid-junction Potential
Potential and current distribution in
and around an impermeable bed
Rmfe
SSP = -K log ----------Rwe
Depends on :
Lithology
Presence of clay
Bed thickness
Porosity, permeability, and compaction
of rocks
Fluid salinity
therefore
SP log is used to :
Detect Porous Permeable beds
Evaluate Formation Water salinity
Evaluate Formation Clay content
Comparison of the repeat section with main log

SP, resistivity and sonic logs
with memorizer
without memorizer
Main Log
Repeat section
Shale base line
Change of shale base line:

unconformity
Change of shale
base line:
unconformity
Porous permeable reservoir
Doll, 1948
SP shapes
Grain size decrease
These types of evolution can be observed as well on GR curves
Possible interpretation of SP shapes
Pirson, 1977
Remarks on SP approach
The use of the SP curve does not allow a precise and reliable facies
determination due to the following limits.
- The SP deflection is essentially function of the shale percentage of the
beds that is not sufficient for facies determination.
- The SP deflection depends on salinity contrast between formation water
and mud filtrate. Due to that, in some cases one cannot observe any
deflection while facies changes exist.
- In general, the SP curve is not useful in carbonates.
- The SP curve has a poor vertical resolution.
- The SP curve is sometimes replaced by natural gamma ray curve (GR) but,
in that case other limitations exist.
Resistivity
Conductivity
Density
Sampling
Well seismics
Resistivity Measurement Principles

Resistivity measurement principles
in an homogeneous medium
Generator
V RI dr
4r
Equipotential
spheres
Current lines

No Enfocados
Centralizados
Normal 16
Normal 64
Lateral 19
Rxo
Rt
Rt
De Contacto
Microlog
Dipmeter
SHDT
FMI
Rxo
Enfocados
DLL (LLd, LLs)
LL3, LL8, SFL
Rt, Ri
Rt, Ri
De Contacto
MSFL
MLL
Proximity
Rxo,
Rxo, Ri
Ri, Rxo

Current Paterns
Non focused devices

Current distribution in presence of a hole
Generator
Recorder
Generator
Spacing
Spacing
Normal principle
Recorder
Spacing
Lateral principle
Non focused devices

Current path
Lateral
The medium is generally anisotropic

and heterogeneous
(Ra)c = JiRxo + (1-Ji)Rt
(Ra)c apparent resistivity corrected for borehole effects
Ji pseudo geometrical factor corresponding to the depth of invasion
Measure point
Normal: resistivity is taken in the middle O of
the spacing
Lateral or Inverse: middle of MN
Investigation radius
normal
Non focused devices

Factors influencing the curves shape
-
Thick resistive layers (h>AM)

Thin resistive layers (h<AM)
Conducting layers
Very resistive thick layers

No Enfocados
Centralizados
Normal 16
Normal 64
Lateral 19
Rxo
Rt
Rt
De Contacto
Microlog
Dipmeter
SHDT
FMI
Rxo
Enfocados
DLL (LLd, LLs)
LL3, LL8, SFL
Rt, Ri
Rt, Ri
De Contacto
MSFL
MLL
Proximity
Rxo,
Rxo, Ri
Ri, Rxo

Non focused devices

Microlog measurement principles

No Enfocados
Centralizados
Normal 16
Normal 64
Lateral 19
Rxo
Rt
Rt
De Contacto
Microlog
Dipmeter
SHDT
FMI
Rxo
Enfocados
DLL (LLd, LLs)
LL3, LL8, SFL
Rt, Ri
Rt, Ri
De Contacto
MSFL
MLL
Proximity
Rxo,
Rxo, Ri
Ri, Rxo

Focused devices
Measurement principle for electrode

devices:
Current Io is sent perpendicularly to the
formation through thin parallel lines,
sending on each side focalization currents
called bucking currents forcing the current
to flow directly into the formation.
The objective of any deep-reading
resistivity device is to measure the true
formation resistivity, Rt. Tools are
designed to read this as accurately as
possible, but no single measurement
could eliminate the effects of the invaded
zone
Focused devices
Laterologs:
LL3 (1957) uses a central electrode and two long guard electrodes
Focused devices
Laterologs:
LL7 (1957) uses seven small electrodes
Focused devices
Dual Laterologs: DLL (1972)
Three appropriate depths were chosen and were used to
define the invasion profile well enough to estimate Rt.
The sonde records 2 resistivities:
LLd deep at 35 Hz
(return on electrode B at surface)
LLs shallow at 280 Hz

(return on the bridle at the top of
the
toolstring)
Additional auxiliary control loop

to ensure equipotential curves
Bridle
Resistivity Focused devices modern tools
Azimuthal Laterolog (ARI)

Current distribution according
to the measurement type
Fracture
Measurement of the rock resistivity

Detection of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs
Evaluation of hydrocarbon saturation
Example of ARI log

Resistivity new sondes
HALS Platform Express (1994)

12 electrodes placed in the center
Ao (acting as azimuthal laterolog)
8 or 16 in vertical resolution
Resistivity
Conductivity
Density
Sampling
Well seismics
Conductivity Signal Electromagnetic Frequency
Each tool uses a specific

electromagnetic frequency
range.
Induction - principles
Principles of measurement
Induction measurements were
originally intended as a
substitute for laterolog tools in
oil-base mud.
Phase-shift
IT Alternative current at 20kHz

in the transmitting coil
Electromagnetic field
through the formation
IL Eddy-current (formation current)

90 phase-shifted from IT
90
Electromagnetic field
detected by the receiver
coil
Received voltage is proportionnal
to the formation conductivity
180
The electromagnetic field flowing from the transmitting

coil reaches the receiver coils and creates an additionnal
current which has to be eliminated.
Since it is 90 phase-shifted with theAIT
induced
current it can
example
be cancelled using:
- A variometer circuit.
- A phase discriminator.
Geometrical factor
Vertical component
Geometrical factor theory defines a response
function that answers the question "where
does the signal come from."
=
Geometrical factor
Radial component
Simple induction tool (2 coils)
Figure showing different sections of equal

geometrical factor.
Figure showing the geometrical factor

for different formation portions around
the 2 coils system
Focalization
For commercial reasons a better vertical resolution and depth of
investigation was needed. Focalization was therefore applied using
additional transmitting and receiver coils.
Here are the results which lead to
first commercial tools in the early
50s. 5FF27, 6FF27, 5FF40,6FF40
Skin effect
The loss in amplitude and change in
phase of an electromagnetic field as it
penetrates into a conductive medium.
The higher the formation resistivity, the
stronger the skin effect
The higher the signal frequency, the
smaller the skin effect
2
2fC
Array Induction Sonde (AIT) 1991
A single emitter
operating at 25, 50
and 100 kHz
2 couples
6 couples working at
2 frequencies.
Overall: 28
measurements
28 measurements
5 curves
Invasion image
Invasion Model and Resistivity Profile
Hole
Axis
Resistivity
Formation
Radial distribution of fluids
Mud
Distance
Simplified profile : abrupt limit
Radial distribution of resistivity
Actual profile : progressive evolution with

annulus
Resistivity At the Bit (RAB)

Images
FMI
RAB
Dips
The RAB tool allows the detection of a fault during the

drilling of the well. The fault is confirmed by the FMI.
Depth (ft)
Comparison RAB and FMI

FMI images
GR
RAB data
Ring resistivity
Bit resistivity
Effect of well deviation on the images
Images in deviated well
Electromagnetism (ADEPT)
EPT
Endfire array
Scheme of the electromagnetic antenna

tpl = (1 - Vsh)tpma+ Vshtpsh+ Sxotpmf+ (1 - Sxo)tph
A = SxoAw + VshAsh
ADEPT
Broadside array
Schemes indicating the emitted signal

types and the investigated volume as
a function of the endfire or broadside
arrays of the ADEPT tool
Measurement of rock dielectric constant.

Analysis of fresh water bearing reservoirs.
Porosity evaluation
Resistivity
Conductivity
Density
Sampling
Well seismics
Acoustic measurements
Compressional
waves
Compressional or longitudinal waves
Shear
waves
Stoneley
waves
Transversal or shear waves
crest
trough
rarefaction
compression
cle
Cy
Undisturbed state
Disturbed state
Compression
stretching
Measurement of rock elastic parameters.

Porosity and lithology evaluation
Acoustic wavefront simulation

Transmitter
Pressure wavefront
Vm
Plane interface
Mud
Formation
Mud
Formation
Mud
Formation
t1 + t2
t =
2
Mud
Formation
Schematic of the compensated sonic tool

S = (t tma)/(tmf tma)
Compressional
wavefront
Sound slowness measurement.

Porosity evaluation
Mud
Formation
Compressional
headwave
shear
Chang et al., 1985
Vc
Compressional and shear slowness measurement
Schma de la sonde DSI

Example of DSI sonic log
Lithology determination from sonic data

Dolostone
Limestone
Sa
lt
Gaz bearing
sandstone
Picketts plot
Water
bearing
sandstone
Resistivity
Conductivity
Density
Sampling
Well seismics
Probability of emission
per disintegration
Detectors
Gamma ray energy (MeV)
Theoretical spectrum of radio-elements

Interactions inside the detector
Detection of rocks with radioactive minerals :

shales, micas, potassium feldspars, potassium
evaporites, uranium ores
Th, U and K percentage measured by spectrometry

Spectrum obtained with an INa crystal
Energy (MeV)
Th, U and K percentage measurement

Spectrum obtained with a Germanium detector
Gamma ray energy (keV)
Well logging approach

Elemental analysis by spectrometry of natural or induced rays
Counting rate
Prompt gamma rays

from scattering of
fast neutrons
Prompt gamma rays
from capture of
thermal neutrons
Fast activation
Thermal activation
Natural radioactivity
Resistivity
Conductivity
Density
Sampling
Well seismics
Different interactions photon - electron
As a function of their
energy, photons or rays
interact with nuclei in
three manners :
pair production
Compton scattering
photoelectric absorption
b = 1.0704(2 e/Nav ) 0.1883

Pe (Z/10)3.6
Principle of Compton scattering

Measurement of density, b
D = (ma b)/(ma mf)
Sonde sketch
Principle of photoelectric absorption

Measurement of photoelectric index, Pe
Source-detector configuration of the Compensated Density tool (courtesy Schlumberger )
The CDN tool
Measurement of hydrogen index
The ADN tool
Measurement of hydrogen index (Schlumbergers courtesy)
Resistivity
Conductivity
Density
Sampling
Well seismics
Different interactions neutron-atom

Neutrons, emitted by a source type Am-Be or by a minitron,
interact with atomic nuclei in different ways as a function of
their energy:
Inelastic-neutron scattering
Fast-neutron particle reaction
Elastic scattering
Thermal neutron capture
Activation
Neutron paths
Color indicates neutron energy :
red, yellow, green, blue from the
highest to the lowest energy
Inelastic-neutron scattering
Measurement of C/O ratio

Interaction neutron - nuclei
Thermal neutron
capture
Activation
Fast-neutron
reaction
Measurement of element percentage

Elastic scattering
detector
Scattered neutron
Incident
neutron
Nucleus
Nucleus recoil
Scheme of the elastic scattering
Elastic-neutron scattering
Measurement of hydrogen index
Link with well logs
Energy of
incident
neutrons
Inelasticneutron
scattering
Relative counts
Inelastic spectrum
Fast-neutron reaction
Energy (MeV)
Measurement of C/O ratio

Link with well logging
Relative counts
Capture spectrum
Energy (MeV)
Measurement of Si, Fe, Ca, S, Ti, Gd, Cl & H percentage

Example of density, neutron and photoelectric index
Shale
Sandstone
Cave : Shale
Shale
Sandstone
Shale
Sandstone
Shale
Sandstone
Coarsening-up sequence
Quick-look hydrocarbon indicator (after Schlumberger)
Density and hydrogen index interpretation
Determination of lithology
from density and neutron responses
Fluid sampling
MDT de Schlumberger
Measurement of reservoir pressure and permeability
Determination of fluid contacts

Depth Pressure plot
Gas
Oil
Water
Slope :
Fluid density
Typical pressure response from a multiprobe test

Tison, 1975
Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP)

Acquisition
Vertical Seismic Profile

Interpretation
Determination of wave arrival angles

Determination of accurate P and S velocities linked to mechanical rock properties
Information on structure close to the well
Interpretation of surface seismic profile
Well logging parameters of principal minerals

Mineral
Quartz
Opale
Orthoclase
Anorthoclase
Microcline
Albite
Muscovite
Glauconite
Biotite
Calcite
Dolomite
Ankerite
Siderite
Gypsum
Anhydrite
Halite
Polyhalite
Barite
Haematite
Limonite
SNP
CNL
tc
ts
Pe
tp
2,64
2,13
2,52
2,59
2,53
2,59
2,82
2,86
2,99
2,71
2,85
3,08
3,91
2,35
2,98
2,04
2,79
4,09
5,18
3,59
-1
4
-2
-2
-2
-1
12
-2
2
-3
-2
-3
-1,3
20
38
21
0
1
5,7
12,9
60+
-2
-3
25
0,2
11
60+
56
58
69
88
7,2
90,4
149
4,4-6
4,4-6
4,4-6
4,4-6
6,2-7,9
7-8,2
7-8,2
7-8,2
7-8,5
8,3-9,4
50,8
49
44
224
72
4,8
3,7
7,2
7,4
7,2
4,35
6,7
14
19
13,8
9,0
25,8
56,2
9,4
15
9,5
12
1065
111
47
4,65
47,9
49
1,8
1,8
2,9
2,9
2,9
1,76
2,4
4,8
6,3
5,08
3,16
8,44
14,7
4,0
5,06
4,7
4,3
266,8
21
13
4,8-6
6,8
7,2-8,1
9,1
8,7
4,3
5,0
16
16
16
7,5
17
21
30
7,1
4,7
22
52
19
12
754
24
6,8
101
71
11
0
2
2,1
6,3
50+
-1,2
-2
14
-1
4
50+
84,9
43,8
52
50
67
69,7
42,9
56,9
91
132,7
79,3
102,6
6,8-7,5
4,1
6,3
5,6-6,3
8,8-9,1
6,8
8,4-8,6
7,9-8,4
9,9-11
10,5-11
Log Resolution
Images have the
highest vertical
resolution
They allow detection
of
very small geological
objects,
thin depositional units
and
surfaces.
Acoustic Images
UBI Sonde
Compensating device
Motor assembly
Gear box assembly
Rotating electrical
connection
Centralizer
Rotating shaft with
built-in electronics
Rotating seal
Transducer
Interchangeable
rotating sub
~75 rps
Image Comparison
RAB Images
FMI Images
Laminations
Fracture
Images are fundamental for a modern and reliable

formation evaluation
Images are much more than a super dipmeter

They allow us to :
- recognize each sedimentation unit and
measure their real thickness and
petrophysical properties
- determine their internal organization
(texture & structure)
- detect and classify each surface
- evaluate their transmissibility properties
- clarify the diagenetic and tectonic features
Rock sampling in a well
Chronological Sample Taker
Mechanical sidewall coring
These types of tools allow the sampling of rock at a desired depth. These rock
samples allow a better evaluation of the porosity and permeability, as well as their
mineralogical composition, the clay type and distribution, the grain and pore size
Core log comparison
Well logging advantages
Well logs give a nearly continuous analysis of the formation

They provide accurate information on the depth and the apparent and real
thickness of beds
They allow a precise depth match of core data
The rock volume analyzed is greater than the one represented by cuttings or
cores
They measure rock properties at depth conditions
They provide information on fluid nature
The information logs provide is :
Quantitative
Precise
Objective et Repetitive
Permanent
Economic
Exchangeable
They make the link between geophysics and geology
They allow a precise mapping of geological attributes
Limitations of well logging

They are linked to the following problems :
Different resolutions and depths of investigation of the tools
Validity of the measurement combination
Depth match of log data sometimes difficult to correctly achieve
Bed notion must be replaced by electrobed notion
Measurements are sensitive to borehole environment (mud, mudcake, caves, tool position, invasion, deviation)
Some measurements are not representative of a geological reality
(shoulder bed influence, lack of resolution)
Some of the equations converting the raw measurement in log
measurement are empirical
Information depends on sampling rate

Evaluacion de Formaciones

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Evaluacion de Formaciones

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

DIPLOMADO GEOLOGIA DEL

Bateman, R.M. 1985. Log Quality Control.

Dresser Atlas, 1982, Well Logging and Interpretation Techniques.

Schlumberger, 1979, Fundamentos de la Interpretacin de Perfiles.

Schlumberger, 2000, Log interpretation Charts, Sugarland, Texas.

Schlumberger, 1980, Tcnicas de Perfilaje en Venezuela.

Schlumberger, 1981, Fundamentos de la Interpretacin de Perfiles de Buzamiento.

Schlumberger, 1985, Ssmica de Pozo.

Schlumberger, 1987, Log Interpretation Principles / Applications.

Serra O., 1985, Sedimentary Environments from Wireline Logs. Schlumberger

These goals correspond in fact to a precise

Petrophysics is concerned by the study of rock physics and physical principles

Geology is oversimplified and tries to describe and evaluate reservoirs through

Modern petrophysics should endeavor to do a better and reliable description of

Importance of a complete well logging set

Sand thickness : # 20 m Channel width : # 1000 m

Important issues for an interpretation approach

Review of general notions

Analysis from seismic to cores

A complete, accurate and reliable geological description requires a constant

Resistivity Ohms Law

is the potential difference between A and B

current flowing from A to B

FLUJO DE CORRIENTE EN UN ESTRATO

En las rocas sedimentarias la conduccin se debe al movimiento

Permeability anisotropy linked to sedimentation units

The sedimentation unit is

The rock internal organization

The rock petrophysical properties

Definition : the porosity is the fraction of the total

Porosity in carbonate rocks

- Connected porosity : it is equal to the

Choquette & Pray, 1970

absolute permeability, k, if the fluid is

the relative permeability which

The permeability is the measure of the

The saturation in fluid of a

Swn = Ro/Rt = 1/I

Determination of general parameters

Relationship between Formation factor & Porosity

Laminated shale equation

Dispersed shale equation

Volume & surface

Volume & surface

Links between well log measurements and geology

Well logs strongly depend

Any log interpretation is by nature a

Logging Truck or Cabin

Logging truck and Offshore cabin

The interpretation model

Model linked to well

Hole and caliper profile

Invasion Model and Resistivity Profile

Radial distribution of fluids

Simplified profile : abrupt limit

Radial distribution of resistivity

Actual profile : progressive evolution with

Model linked to the available well logging set

Measurement While Drilling (MWD/LWD)

Measurement While Drilling (MWD/LWD)

Negative pulse: uses a controlled valve (up to 5

Positive pulse: uses a hydraulic poppet

Continuous waves (Siren):