WCDMA Radio Theory

ZTE University
TD&W&PCS BSS Course Team

Course Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:
Master channel encoding of WCDMA
Master spread spectrum principle of WCDMA
Master modulation of WCDMA

Content
The basic principles of wireless communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Multi Access
Spread spectrum Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Radio propagation charactistics

Characteristic of Radio Propagation

Electromagnetic propagation: direct

radiation reflection diffraction and scattering

Signal attenuation:
Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the

spread reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading

Slow fading Loss because of being blocked by the building and hill in

the propagation path

Fast fading Electromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens

wavelength ranges

Description of Fast fading distribution

Rayleigh distribution non line-of sight transmission
Rice distribution line-of sight transmission

Radio propagation charactistics

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Interference

dithering
0

delay

Sending signal

Accepting signal

fading
0dB

2 3

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Sending signal

-25dB

Accepting signal

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Frequency
Frequencyoff-set
off-setcaused
causedby
bythe
themovement
movementof
ofmobile
mobile

that
thatis
isDoppler
Dopplereffect
effect

Radio propagation charactistics

Multi-Path Effects

sending signal

strength

receiving signal
0

time

Content
The basic principles of wireless communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Multi Access
Spread spectrum Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Multiple access

Multiple Access
Frequency
Frequency division
division multiple
multiple
access
access technology
technology

FDMA

Channels
Channelsin
indifferent
differentfrequency
frequencyare
are
allocated
to
different
users,
e.g.
allocated to different users, e.g.
TACS
TACS
AMPS
AMPS

Power

Time
Time division
division multiple
multiple access
access
technology
technology

TDMA

channels
channelsin
indifferent
differenttime
timeare
areallocated
allocatedto
to
different
users,
e.g.
GSM

DAMPS

different users, e.g. GSM DAMPS

Code
Code division
division multiple
multiple access
access
technology
technology
Users
Usersdistinguished
distinguishedby
byscramble
scramblecode,
code,e.g.
e.g.
CDMA
CDMA

Tim
e

eq
Fr

y
nc
e
u

Power
Tim
e

Fre

cy
en
u
q

CDMA
Power
Tim
e

y
nc
e
u
eq
Fr

Content
The basic principles of wireless communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Multi Access
Spread spectrum Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Spreading technology

Principle of Spreading spectrum

A technology of transmission technology after spreading

frequency of signal.

Theoretical Basis: Shannon theory C=Wlog2(1+S/N)

Wideband
Signal

Slow
Information
Sent

Slow
Information
Recovered

TX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

RX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

Spreading technology

Sketch Map of Spreading

Sf

Sf
signal

signal
f0

f0

Before spreading

After spreading

Sf

Sf

White noise

signal
White noise

signal
f0

Before despreading

signal

interference

f0

After despreading

White noise

Spreading technology

Spreading Mode

Direct sequence spread DS SS

Base band data is spreaded by multiplication of pseudo-noise

sequence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence

generated by the pseudo-noise generator
BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by

power detection accuracy

WCDMA uses DS-SS

Frequency hopping spread FH-SS

Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency

hopping
Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband

modulation
No near-far effect

Spreading technology

Characteristics of Spreading Communication

High anti-multi-path- interference capability

High security

Lower transmitting power

Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access

Communication

Occupy band wide

Complex realization

Content
The basic principles of wireless communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Multi Access
Spread spectrum Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Channel coding

Purpose of Channel Coding

purpose:
By adding redundant information in the original data stream,

receivers can detect and correct the error signal, and

improve data transmission rates.
Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the

original data

C C D D M M AA

WCDMA

W W C C D D M M AA

TURBO

T T UURRBBOO

T T U

S P E AK

S S P P E E AAK K

RRBBO

S S PPEEA

KK

Channel coding

Principle of Channel Coding

Channel coding
Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/2 1/3 are

widely applied.
Increase redundancy and transmission time
Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors
No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2

Can not satisfy

the communication

Convolutional coding BER<10-3

Can satisfy the

speech communication

Turbo coding

BER<10-6

Can satisfy the

data communication

Content
The basic principles of wireless communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Multi Access
Spread spectrum Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Interleaving technology

Principle of Interleave Technology

advantage
Interleave is to change the sequence of data to discretize the burst

continuous errors
Advance the correcting validity

disadvantage
Increase the processing delay
Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for

e.g.

the unexpected error .

x1 x6 x11 x16 x21

Data input
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)

x2 x7

x22

x3 x8

x23

x4 x9

x24

x5 x10

x25

Data output
A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)

Interleaving technology

Encoding and Interleaving

WCDMA
TURBO

Encoding

S P E AK

W W C C D D M M AA
T T UURRBBOO

Interleaving

S S P P E E AAK K

WTSWTS
CUPCUP
DREDRE
M BAM BA
AO KAO K

Decoding

W ? ? C D D M M AA
T ? ?URRBBOO
S ? ? PE EAA K K

Deinterleaving

WTS???
? ? ?CUP
DREDRE
M BAM BA
AO KAO K

Content
The basic principles of wireless communication
WCDMA wireless technology

WCDMA wireless technology

Data transmission Procedure

UE Data

Encoding &
Interleaving

Spreading&
Scrambling

Modulation

RF Transmission

Despreading&
Descrambling

Baseband
demodulation

Demodulation

Decoding &
Deinteleaving

RF Receiving

UE Data

WCDMA wireless technology

Convolutional Code

Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal channel

Coding rate is and 1/3

Input

D
Output 0
G0 = 557 (octal)
Output 1
G1 = 663 (octal)
Output 2
G2 = 711 (octal)

Rate 1/3 convolutional coder

WCDMA wireless technology

Characteristics of Convolutional code

Easy decode

Short delay

Generally use the Viterbi Algorithm

Channel bit error rate is 10 3 magnitude

Suitable to realtime service

e.g. speech and video service.

WCDMA wireless technology

Turbo Code

Used in Data service channel

Code Rate is 1/3

Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long delay services

Turbo coding structure is based on two or more weak error control code combinations.
The information bits are interleaved in the two Encoder, and generate two information
flow. At last, this information can be multiplexed and punctured
Decoding needs cycle iterative calculation

input

Encoder 1

Interleaver

Encoder 2

Multiplex

output

WCDMA wireless technology

Characteristics of Turbo Codes

Complex decoding

Use the LOG-MAP arithmetic

Channel bit error rate is 10 6 magnitude

Very suitable to non-realtime package service which is BER

sensitive & delay insensitive ,

e.g. WWW, FTP, E_mail , multimedia transmission .

WCDMA wireless technology

Interleaving Technology of WCDMA

Intra-frame interleave
Bits transform in the internal frame

Inter-frame interleave
Data transform among the frames

Intra-Turbo codes interleave

Complex nesting of intra-frame and inter-frame interleave

WCDMA wireless technology

Data transmission Procedure

UE Data

Spreading&
Scrambling

Encoding &
Interleaving

Modulation

RF Transmission

Despreading&
Descrambling
Decoding &
Deinteleaving

Demodulation

UE Data

RF Receiving

WCDMA wireless technology

Spreading of WCDMA
Chip after
Spreadin
g

Data bit

OVSF Code

Scramble Code

Symbol
Symbol rate
rate SF
SF == 3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps
WCDMA
WCDMA
SF
SF of
of uplink
uplink channelized
channelized code
code
4~256
4~256
SF
SF of
of downlink
downlink channelized
channelized code:4~512
code:4~512
OVSF:
OVSF: Orthogonal
Orthogonal Variable
Variable Spreading
Spreading Factor
Factor

WCDMA wireless technology

Despreading of WCDMA

Method of despreading

Input signal

Output after despreading

Ts
(*)dt
0

When T=Ts, judge

integral
Local PN code

WCDMA wireless technology

Spreading and Despreading

Symbol
1
-1

Data =
010010
Chip

Spreading code =
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
( SF = 8 )

Spreading
1
-1

Spread signal
= Data code

1
-1

Despreading
Spreading code
Data =
Spread signal

Spread code

1
-1
1
-1

WCDMA wireless technology

Concept of orthogonal code

Code1

+1-1+1+1-1+1-1-1

Code2

-1+1+1-1-1+1+1-1

Mul

Orthogonal

-1-1+1-1+1+1-1+1

Sum

0
Orthogonal

the result of multiplying and sum is 0

Code1

+1-1+1-1-1+1-1-1

Code2

+1+1-1+1-1-1+1-1

Mul

+1-1-1-1+1-1-1+1

Sum

-2
Non-orthogonal

WCDMA wireless technology

Code Resource Allocation

In WCDMA, code resources are mainly divided into channelization
codes and scrambling codes.

Channelization code:
Channelization codes are based on the orthogonal variable

spreading factor (OVSF) technology. Transmission from a

single source are separated by channelization codes.

Scrambling code:
Scrambling codes are used after spreading, which will not

change the signal bandwidth. They are only used to

differentiate different UEs or Node Bs.

WCDMA wireless technology

Channelization Code

Adopt OVSF code

C ch,SF,k describe channelization code,

SF spread factor

k code number, 0 < k<SF-1

WCDMA wireless technology

Characteristic of channelization code

Premise of code allocation:

ensure not occupied for the code in the root direction and

downwards subtree

Result of code allocation:

block all low rate SC in subtree and high rate in upwards

root direction
SF=8
SF=16

SF=32

WCDMA wireless technology

Example
Idle
Allocated
SF= 8

0
` 0

SF=16

SF=64

` 0

` 0

SF=32

` Blocked

` 0

SF=16
SF=32

SF=64

` 0

1
1

3
(c)

4
(b)

(a)
SF= 8

` 0

` 0

1
1

4
(d)

WCDMA wireless technology

Scrambling code
Chip after
Spreadin
g

Data bit

OVSF Code

Scramble Code

In addition to spreading, part of the process in the transmitter is the

scrambling operation. This is needed to separate terminals or base
stations from each other. Scrambling is used on top of spreading, so it
does not change the signal bandwidth but only makes the signals from
different sources separable from each other.

WCDMA wireless technology

Scrambling code of WCDMA

WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence (PN code)
WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random binary sequence (PN code)

ItIthas
hassimilar
similarnoise
noisearray
arraycharacter
character, ,isisthat
thatone
onekind
kindisisseemingly
seeminglyrandom
random

but
butcyclicity
cyclicitybinary
binarysystem
systemarray.
array.Can
Canmake
makethe
theuser
userdata
dataaafurther
further
randomization
randomization, ,strengthened
strengthenedby
byscrambling
scramblingaacode
codetotokeep
keepsecret
secretthe
the
function,
function, atatthe
thesame
sametime
timeeasy
easytotocarry
carryout
outmultiple
multipleaccess
access
communication.
communication.

WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence

WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold sequence
Gold has excellent self_correlation,
Gold has excellent self_correlation,
Mutual_correlation is very small between subsection serial.
Mutual_correlation is very small between subsection serial.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple address.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple address.

WCDMA wireless technology

Characteristic of Scrambling code

There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to distinguish
different users in one cell.

Uplink Scrambling codes include long scrambling codes and short

scrambling codes. The Short Scrambling codes are used for multi-user
detecting

There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish different

cells

Scrambling codes in common use are 0 1 8191 they are divided

into 512 aggregations each aggregation has 1primary scrambling code and
15 secondary scrambling codes.

512 primary scrambling codes can be divided into 64 scrambling code groups
,there is 8 primary scrambling in each group.

WCDMA wireless technology

Data transmission Procedure

UE Data

Spreading&
Scrambling

Encoding &
Interleaving

Modulation

RF Transmission

Despreading&
Descrambling
Decoding &
Deinteleaving

Demodulation

UE Data

RF Receiving

WCDMA wireless technology

WCDMA Modulation

UL: BPSK

DL:QPSK HSDPA introduce 16QAM

Exercise

multiple access technolog include ?

pls describe the channel coding purpose and interleaving
technology purpose.

WCDMA adopts(
the coding rate is(

) (

There are (

There are (
distinguish(

), and the dl is (

), the sf of ul channelize

) Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to

distinguish different(

)channel coding technology.

the spreading code of WCDMA is (

code is (

) and(

) in one cell.

) Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to

)

WCDMA modulation technology include (

) and (