TV BROADCASTING

TELEVISION
to see at a
distance
TELEVISION BROADCASTING
The science of transmitting
rapidly changing pictures from
one point to another by means
of electrical signals.

DEFINITIONS

1. STUDIO OR
OUTSIDE THE
STATION

2. PICTURE AND
SOUND TRANSMITTER

COMPONENTS OF A COMPLETE TV
BROADCASTING SYSTEM

3. MEDIUM (COAXIAL CABLE /

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

4. A NUMBER OF RECEIVERS

COMPONENTS OF A COMPLETE TV
BROADCASTING SYSTEM

STL STUDIO TO
TRANSMITTER LINK

SNG SATELLITE
NEWS GATHERING

ENG ELECTRONIC NEWS

GATHERING

ACRONYMS

SEG SPECIAL
EFFECTS
GENERATOR

EFP ELECTRONIC
FIELD PRODUCTION

ACRONYMS

TV TRANSMITTER

TV RECEIVER

DIPLEXER

MONOCHROME

A special coupling device that

permits the transmission of
both audio and video signals
using one antenna system.

Shades of black, gray and

white

VSB VESTIGIAL
SIDEBAND

TV BROADCAST
CHANNEL

To conserve
electromagnetic
spectrum, it produces
only the full USB and only
a portion of the LSB

The band of frequencies

assigned for the transmission of
the picture and sound signals.

COLOR
Red, green and
blue

DEFINITIONS

44 - 50

54 - 60

60 - 66

66 - 72

76 - 82

82 - 88

7
8
9
10
11
12
13

174 180
180 186
186 192
192 198
198 204
204 210
210 216

TV BROADCASTING
FREQUENCY ALLOCATION

CHANNEL
NUMBER
FREQUENCY
RANGE
(MHz)

UPPER VHF CHANNELS 7 13

FLOWER = 6N +
132
UHF CHANNELS 14 - 83
470 890 MHz
FLOWER = 6N +
386
ANALOG COLOR TV SYSTEMS IN THE
WORLD (ASPECT RATIO, 4:3)

PARAMETERS

RP STANDARD

Broadcasting
Band

54 890 MHz
Ch 2 to 4 (54 72 MHz) VHF Low
Ch 5 to 6 (76 88 MHz)
Ch 7 to 13 (174 216 MHz) VHF
High
Ch 14 to 83 (470 890 MHz) UHF

Channel width

6 MHz

Baseband Freq

Video: 0 4 MHz Audio: 50 Hz 15

kHz
TV BROADCASTING
STANDARDS

PARAMETERS
Max no. of
stations
IF - Rx

RP STANDARD
25 stations
Picture IF: 45.75 MHz
Sound IF: 41.25 MHz

Fc Tolerance

Picture Carrier: +/- 1000 Hz

Color Carrier: +/- 10 Hz
Sound Carrier: +/- 1000 Hz

Polarization

Circular

TV BROADCASTING
STANDARDS

PARAMETERS
Type of Emission

RP STANDARD
Video: C3E
Audio: F3E (mono)
Multi-channel TV Sound (stereo)

Modulation

Audio : FM
Video: AM / Vestigial Sideband

Receiver

Superheterodyne

Type of
Propagation

Space wave

TV BROADCASTING
STANDARDS

PARAMETERS

American , NTSC

European, PAL

No. of lines/frame

525

625

No. of lines/field

262 (odd/even)

312 (odd/even)

No. of frames/sec

30

25

Field frequency

60 (59.94) Hz

50 Hz

Line frequency

15,625 Hz

Channel width

15,750 (15,735.36)
Hz
6 MHz

Video bandwidth

4 MHz

5 MHz

STANDARDS FOR ANALOG TV

SYSTEM

7 MHz

PARAMETERS

American, NTSC

European, PAL

Color Subcarrier

3.58 MHz

4.43 MHz

Sound System

FM

FM

Max Sound
Deviation
Intercarrier
Frequency

+ / - 25 kHz

+ /- 50 kHz

4.5 MHz

5.5 MHz

STANDARDS FOR ANALOG TV

SYSTEM

THE 6 MHZ BANDWIDTH COLOR

TV SPECTRUM

SCANNING
INTERLACED
SCANNING PATTERN

The process of
analyzing successively
according to a preOdd fields first then
determined method, the
even fields; from left to
light values of picture
right; then from top to
elements constituting
bottom
the total picture area
HORIZONTAL SCANNING FREQUENCY : 15,750 Hz
VERTICAL SCANNING FREQUENCY : 60 Hz

SCANNING

SCANNING

PROGRESSIVE SCANNING PATTERN

Progressive scan differs from interlaced scan in that the
image is displayed on a screen by scanning each line (or
row of pixels) in a sequential order rather than an alternate
order, as is done with interlaced scan.

SCANNING

SYNCHRONIZATION
Keeps the transmitter and receiver
scanning in step with each other
Rectangular pulses
Occur during blanking time when no
picture information is sent (blacker than
black region)
HORIZONTAL SYNC FREQUENCY : 15,750
Hz
VERTICAL SYNC FREQUENCY : 60 Hz

SYNCHRONIZATION

EQUALIZATION
Serves to maintain continuous flow of
sync information to the horizontal
scanning system.
Occur before and after each V sync
pulse
EQUALIZING PULSE FREQUENCY : 31,500 Hz

EQUALIZATION

BLANKING
Prevents the electron beam
from reaching the screen, thus
retraces (flyback) are made
invisible.
HORIZONTAL BLANKING FREQUENCY : 15,750 Hz
VERTICAL BLANKING FREQUENCY : 60 Hz

BLANKING

NEGATIVE TRANSMISSION
As the signal
increases, the picture
becomes darker
Lowest amplitudes
are the whitest color

COMPONENTS OF A
COMPOSITE VIDEO
SIGNAL
Picture (video)
Blanking pulses
Sync (H and V)

DEFINITIONS

COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL

a.
BRIGHTNESS
Overall or average
intensity of illumination
which determines the background level in
the reproduced picture

b. CONTRAST
Difference in intensity between black and
white parts of the reproduced picture

PICTURE QUALITIES

c. DETAIL
Depends on the number of
picture elements that can be
produced within the frame.
Also known as Resolution or
Definition

d. COLOR
LEVEL
The color should
vary the picture
from no color to pale and
medium colors up to vivid
intense color.

e. HUE
The color of the
object

f. ASPECT
The ratioRATIO
of the width to
the height of the picture
frame.
Standard:
4:3

g. VIEWING
4 to 8DISTANCE
times the picture

PICTURE QUALITIES

height

SPECIAL FACILITIES IN CAMERA

ASSEMBLY

1.
INTERCOMMUNICATION
2. MULTIPLE LENS
TURRET
Collection of different
lenses

3. TALLY LIGHTS
Mounted on camera
housing ; on air

5. IRIS
CONTROL
Level of illumination
6. MECHANICAL
FOCUS
Cw / ccw
or lock to a
scene

4. PAN / TILT
CONTROLS
Up/down; left/right; zoon

7.
VIEWFINDER
To find
a sample of the

in/out

material

SPECIAL FACILITIES IN CAMERA

ASSEMBLY

1.
2.
PHOTOEMISSION
PHOTOCONDUCTION
Liberation of electrons
Changes of conductivity of
from a material under
a surface due to
the influence of
illumination
illumination
3. PHOTOVOLTAIC
ACTION
Generation of voltage due
to chemical or physical
changes induced by
illumination
METHODS OF PRODUCING AN IMAGE
WITHIN THE TUBE

1. LIGHT
TRANSFER
CAPABILITY
Ratio of brightness
variations in the
reproduced image to the
brightness variations in
the original scene

2. SPECTRAL
RESPONSE
Same as the eye; colors
are rendered in their
proper tones

3. SENSITIVITY
Unit: Lumen; output
photosignal per incident
illumination

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMERA TUBES

4. DARK
CURRENT
Small amount of signal
current flowing in the
output circuit even in
the absence of
illumination on the
faceplate of the tube.
6. RESOLVING
POWER
Resolution
power

5. LAG
CHARACTERISTIC
Inability of the
photosensitive layer in the
pick up tube to follow faster
changes in illumination.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMERA TUBES

In a camera tube pickup device, the front of the

tube contains a layer of photosensitive material
called a target.
The lens of a camera
focuses light from a
scene onto the front
of the camera tube,
and this light causes
changes in the
target material.
The light image is transformed into an electronic
image, which can then be read from the back of
the target by a beam of electrons.

HOW CAMERA TUBES WORK

The beam of electrons is produced by an electron

gun at the back of the camera tube.
Whenever the electron beam hits the bright
parts of the electronic image on the target
material, the tube emits a high voltage, and
when the beam hits a dark part of the image,
the tube emits a low voltage.
The beam is controlled by a system of
electromagnets that make the beam
systematically scan the target
material.
This varying voltage is the electronic television
signal.

HOW CAMERA TUBES WORK

1. NIPKOW DISK
A photoelectric tube is
used with a rotating
wheel punched with
small holes spiraling in
toward the center to
scan the picture
elements.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

2. IMAGE
DISSECTOR /
ICONOSCOPE

The first all electric pick

up device.

3. IMAGE
ORTHICON
Indicates
the linear
relation between light
input and signal output;
highly sensitive but
relatively large and
expensive.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

4. FLYING SPOT
SCANNER
The spot of
light from the screen
of the CRT is used as the light
source to scan a film slide

5. VIDICON
Most widely used; a very small
camera tube of relatively simple
construction, a photoconductive
target plate and an electron gun.
Image plate is made up of
Antimony Trisulfide

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

6. PLUMBICON (PHILIPS)
Similar to the Vidicon except that
the image plate is made of Lead
Oxide (PbO)

7. SATICON (HITACHI,
LTD)

The image plate is made of

Selenium, Arsenic and Tellurium.

8. SILICON VIDICON
A Silicon semiconductor junction is used for the target
material; extremely high sensitivity for low light
applications.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

9. CHALNICON
(TOSHIBA)

The target is a multilayer

arrangement consisting of Tin
Oxide, Cadnium Selenide and
Arsenic Trisulfide; very high
sensitivity.

10. NEWVICON (MATSUSHITA

ELECTRIC)
The target is made of
Amorphous Zinc Selendie layer
backed by Antimony Trisulfide.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a light-sensitive

integrated circuit that stores and displays the data
for an image in such a way that each pixel (picture
element) in the image is converted into an electrical
charge the intensity of which is related to a color in
the color spectrum

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE

In a CCD, the light from a scene

strikes an array of photodiodes
arranged on a silicon chip.

Photodiodes are devices that

conduct electricity when they
are struck by light; they send
this electricity to tiny
capacitors.
CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE

The capacitors store the

electrical charge, with the
amount of charge stored
depending on the strength of the
light that struck the photodiode.
The CCD converts the incoming
light from the scene into an
electrical signal by releasing the
charges from the photodiodes in
an order that follows the
scanning pattern that the
receiver will follow in re-creating
the image.
CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE

CRITERIA FOR COMPATIBILITY

1. The color TV system must transmit and be
capable of receiving a luminance signal
which is either identical to a monochrome
transmission or easily converted to it.
2. Must use the same 6 MHz
bandwidth
3. Must transmit the Chrominance
information in such a way that it is sufficient
for adequate color reproduction but easy to
ignore by a monochrome receiver.

COLOR TV SYSTEM

COLOR TV SYSTEM

1. LUMINANCE
Indicates the amount of light
intensity, which is perceived
by the eye as brightness.
Contains all information
required to construct a black
and white picture from the
signal

Y = 0.30R + 0.59G +
Where:0.11B
R Red video
signal

2.
CHROMINANCE
Term used to combine
both hue (amplitude of C
signal) and saturation
(phase angle)
Is the 3.58 MHz color
subcarrier with
quadrature modulation by
I and Q color signals

G Green video signal

B Blue video signal

PRIMARY COLOR SIGNALS

a. IN-PHASE CHROMINANCE
Color video signal transmitted as amplitude
modulation of the 3.58 MHz C signal
The only color video signal with bandwidth
of 0 to 1.3 MHz
The positive polarity of the I signal is orange
while the negative polarity is cyan

I = 0.60R 0.28G
0.32B

CHROMINANCE SIGNALS

b. QUADRATURE PHASE CHROMINANCE

Color video signal that modulates the 3.58
MHz C signal in quadrature with the I signal
with bandwidth of 0 to 0.5 MHz
The positive polarity of the Q signal is purple
while the negative polarity is yellow green

Q = 0.21R 0.52G +
0.31B

CHROMINANCE SIGNALS

NTSC

PAL

SECAM

National
Television
Standards
Committe
e
(American
)

Phase
Alteration
by Line
(British,
German)

Sequential
Color and
Memory
(French)

ANALOG COLOR TV SYSTEMS IN THE

WORLD (ASPECT RATIO, 4:3)

SIMILARITY
They separate the luminance and chrominance information and
transmit the chrominance information in the form of 2 color
difference signals which modulate a color subcarrier frequency
transmitted within the sideband of the luminance signal.

DIFFERENCE
The processing of the chrominance information
NTSC subcarrier frequency is amplitude modulated
PAL subcarrier frequency is phase modulated
SECAM subcarrier frequency is frequency modulated

COLOR TRANSMISSION STANDARDS

BLUE + RED
=

MAGENTA

GREEN + RED
=

YELLOW

GREEN + BLUE
=

CYAN

GREEN + BLUE + RED

=
COLOR COMBINATIONS

WHITE

1. TRANSLATORS

Retransmit the signals of

TV broadcast station by
frequency conversion and
amplification without
significantly altering any
characteristic except the
amplitude and frequency.

OTHER TV SERVICES

2. CATV CABLE TELEVISION

A communications system that gathers
local , remote, playbacks and satellite
signals and sent by coaxial cables to the
subscribers.

OTHER TV SERVICES

A.
HEADEND

The main hub of the CATV system where the signals from all
sources originate, then processed, amplified and distributed to
the subscribers.

B. OUTSIDE PLANT
Part of the CATV system that provides the distribution of the
TV signals from the head end to the paying subscribers.

C. SUBSCRIBER PREMISE EQUIPMENT

The end of the line of the CATV system, where the cable
signals were delivered from its origin to the subscriber.

PARTS OF THE CATV SYSTEM

PARTS OF THE CATV SYSTEM

PARTS OF THE CATV SYSTEM

3. MATV MASTER ANTENNA TELEVISION

The means by which many apartments,
houses, hotels, schools and other multi-unit
buildings distribute TV and FM signals to a
number of receivers.

DIVISIONS
1. Head end
2. Distribution System

OTHER TV SERVICES

A.
HEADEND

Normally consists of an antenna installation to receive the

desired signals, processing equipment to filter the signals and
remove interference, and a distribution amplifier to amplify the
signals to the level required to provide an adequate signal to
every receiver in the system.

B. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Provides a clean signal to the sets by isolating each receiver
from the system and by delivering the proper amount of
signal to each set

PARTS OF THE MATV SYSTEM

4. CCTV CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION

A TV system that operates on a
closed loop basis; CCTV images
are only available to those
connected to the closed loop.
Applications: educational,
business, industry, medicine,
traffic control, surveillance
Components: Camera and lens,
Coaxial cables, Monitors, Video
Cassette/Tape Recorders

OTHER TV SERVICES

A device that receives,

decodes, and displays
digital video broadcasts
(in both high-definition
and standard-definition
formats) for consumer
viewing.

This process produces much

clearer picture and sound
quality than analog systems,
similar to the difference
between a compact disc
recording (using digital
technology) and an audiotape
or long-playing record.

Digital television uses

technology that records,
transmits, and decodes a
signal in digital formthat
is, as a series of ones and
zeros.

It also permits additional

features to be embedded
in signals including
program and consumer
information as well as
interactivities.

DIGITAL TELEVISION

There are three types of broadcast digital

television (DTV), each with progressively better
picture and sound quality:

Standard-Definition TV
(SDTV)
Enhanced-Definition TV
(EDTV)
High-Definition TV (HDTV)

Digital technology
is being developed
that will offer
sharper pictures on
wider screens, and
HDTV with cinemaquality images.

TYPES OF DIGITAL TELEVISION

480i
480 lines by 720 pixels
wide, displayed in interlaced
format.
It has a 4:3 or 16:9 aspect ratio,
29.97-Hz frame rate, as defined
by the ATSC standard.
Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)
Committee established by the FCC to define new
standards for publicly regulated broadcast television in
the United States

STANDARD DEFINITION TELEVISION

480p
High-definition television
(HDTV) image that is 480
vertical lines by 720 horizontal
pixels displayed in progressive
format
It has a 4:3 or 16:9 aspect
ratio, 59.94 Hz, 29.97 Hz, and
23.98 Hz frame rates, as
defined by the ATSC standard

ENHANCED DEFINITION TELEVISION

High-definition video formats that have 16:9 aspect

ratio. Generally refers to 1080i or 720p images.
1080
1,080 ivertical
lines by 1,920
horizontal pixels
wide, displayed in
an interlaced
format.
It has a 16:9
aspect ratio, 29.97
Hz frame rate,

720p

720 vertical lines

by 1,280 horizontal
pixels wide,
displayed in
progressive format.
It has a 16:9 aspect
ratio, 59.94 Hz,
29.97 Hz, and
23.98 Hz frame
rates,

HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION

Many flat panel TVs use liquidcrystal display (LCD) screens that
make use of a special substance
that changes properties when a
small electric current is applied to
it.
LCD technology has already been
used extensively in laptop
computers.
LCD television screens are flat, use
very little electricity, and work well
for small, portable television sets.

FLAT PANEL TELEVISION

Flat panel TVs made from gasplasma displays can be much

larger.
In gas-plasma displays, a small
electric current stimulates an
inert gas sandwiched between
glass panels, including one
coated with phosphors that emit
light in various colors.
While just 8 cm (3 in) thick,
plasma screens can be more
than 150 cm (60 in) diagonally.

FLAT PANEL TELEVISION