DIPLOMA 2 IN CONSTRUCTION-BUILDING SERVICES 3

INTRODUCTION
Building service is one of the most important parts for a building
because it will make a building to function well as well as to come to
life.
Imagine a building without disposal systems, water supply, electrical
systems, fire systems and ventilation and air conditioning systems.
Such building will be termed dead as the space is inhabitable by
human beings.
More building
slide..

service

systems

are

listed

on

the

next

BUILDING SERVICES - ARE WHAT MAKES A BUILDING COME TO

LIFE, WHICH INCLUDE:

Energy supply - gas , electricity and renewable sources

Heating and ventilating
Water , drainage and plumbing
Day lighting and artificial lighting
Escalators and lifts
Ventilation and refrigeration
Harnessing solar, wind and biomass energy
Communications, telephones and IT networks
Security and alarm systems
Fire detection and protection
Air conditioning and refrigeration

INTRODUCTION
VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
The reasons for ventilation lead into an understand of necessary
combinations of natural and mechanical systems and air
conditioning, which means full mechanical control of air movement
the building.
Ventilating and air conditioning vary from different buildings to the
other based on the function of the building. Different types of
buildings includes public buildings, commercial buildings, residential
buildings. etc.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

BUILDING VENTILATION.
Natural ventilation :The systems rely on pressure differences
between exterior and interior areas to help move air. A natural
building ventilation system does not consume energy to operate
fans or air handling units, but does allow heated or cooled air to
escape through open windows and air vents.

Pressure changes are constantly occurring in a building, and may

be caused by wind, temperature changes, or human activities.

A natural building ventilation system uses operable windows,

louvers and grilles to help air enter or exit a building.

While natural systems are highly effective at producing air

changes, they are not generally successful at controlling humidity
levels, especially in warmer regions.

Mechanical ventilation: Mechanical ventilation systems require

energy to operate fans and equipment, but do not allow as much
conditioned air to escape through vents or windows.
The energy efficiency of each type of ventilation system should be
carefully weighed against the ventilation needs of a building before
a system is selected.

systems use fans to draw fresh air inside, and rely on HVAC ducts
to distribute the air throughout the building

Without mechanical ventilation to provide fresh air, moisture,

odors, and other pollutants can build up inside a home.

Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and

fans, rather than relying on airflow through small holes or cracks
in a homes walls, roof, or windows.

BENEFITS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Better Indoor Air Quality: Indoor air can be many times more polluted
than outdoor air, and the average American spends 90 percent of the day
inside. Ventilation systems can significantly improve a homes air quality by
removing allergens, pollutants, and moisture that can cause mold problems.
More Control: When homes rely on air flow through walls, roofs, and
windows for ventilation, there is no control over the source or amount of air
that comes into the house.
In fact air leaking into the house may come from undesirable areas such as
the garage, attic, or crawl space. Mechanical ventilation systems, however,
provide proper fresh air flow along with appropriate locations for intake and
exhaust.
Improved Comfort. Mechanical ventilation systems allow a constant flow
of outside air into the home and can also provide filtration,
dehumidification, and conditioning of the incoming outside air.

Four possible combinations of natural and

mechanical ventilation are as follows:
Natural inlet and outlet: utilizing open-able windows, air bricks,
louvers, doorways and chimneys.
Natural inlet, mechanical outlet: mechanical extract fans in
windows or roofs and ducted systems where the air is to be
discharged away from the occupied space owing to its contamination
with heat, fumes, smoke, water vapour or odour. This system can be
used in dwellings, offices, factories and public buildings .
Mechanical inlet, natural outlet: air is blown into the building
through a fan convector or ducted system to pressurize the internal
atmosphere slightly with a heated air supply.
Mechanical inlet and outlet: where natural ventilation openings
would become unable to cope with large air flow rates without
disturbing the architecture or causing uncontrollable draughts, full
mechanical control of air movement is assumed.

WHAT IS BUILDING VENTILATION

Building ventilation is the process of removing stale air from inside
of a structure and replacing it with fresh air from outdoors.

This process is part of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning

(HVAC) system of a building, which is typically designed and
installed by a mechanical or HVAC contractor. Proper ventilation is
critical to maintaining a healthy indoor air quality within a
building.

The type of ventilation system used in a building can have a

significant impact on the energy efficiency of the structure.

REMOVAL OF HEAT GAIN

Ventilation air is used to remove excess heat gains from buildings.
Two types of heat gain are involved, sensible and latent.
Sensible heat gains result from solar radiation, conduction from
outside to inside during hot weather , warm ventilation air, lighting,
electrical machinery and equipment, people and industrial
processes. Such heat gains affect the temperature of the air and the
building construction.
Latent heat gains result from exhaled and evaporated moisture
from people, moisture given out from industrial processes and
humidifiers. These heat gains do directly affect the temperature of
the surroundings but take the form of transfers of moisture.

HOW VENTILATION SYSTEMS WORK

A variety of mechanical ventilation systems are available to select
from, based on local climate and the homes heating and cooling
system. In addition to one of the primary systems described below,
spot ventilation fans should also be provided for kitchens and baths
to remove the concentrated moisture and odors that can occur in
these rooms.
The typical systems and recommended climates are described
below:

Supply Ventilation SystemsHot or Mixed Climates. Fresh

air is drawn in through an air intake vent and distributed to many
rooms by a fan and duct system.

A fan and set of ducts dedicated solely to ventilation can be used,

or an outside air intake can be connected to the main return air
duct, allowing the heating and cooling systems fan and ducts to
distribute the fresh air.

The benefit of connecting to the return air duct is that outdoor air
can be air conditioned or dehumidified before it is introduced into
the home.

Because supply systems continually introduce outdoor air, a home

can become slightly pressurized. As a result, these systems are
typically not appropriate for cold climates

where there is a risk of heated indoor air being pushed through

any remaining holes and cracks in the construction assembly
where it could reach cold exterior surfaces, condense, and cause
moisture problems.

Exhaust Ventilation SystemsCold Climates. Indoor air is

continuously exhausted to the outdoors with one or more fans
often located in bathrooms. Because indoor air is continually
drawn out, the home becomes slightly depressurized.
As a result, these systems are typically not appropriate for
hot, humid climates where there is a risk of drawing hot
outdoor air into remaining holes and cracks in the
construction assembly where it could reach cool interior
surfaces, condense, and cause moisture problems.
Balanced Ventilation SystemsAll Climates. With these
systems, equal quantities of air are brought into and sent out
of the home.

This is usually achieved using two fansone to bring fresh

air in and another to send indoor air out.

Introduction to Air Conditioning

Air conditioning may be required in buildings which have a high heat
gain and as a result a high internal temperature. The heat gain may
be from solar radiation and/or internal gains such as people, lights
and business machines.
The diagram below shows some typical heat gains in a
room

If the inside temperature of a space rises to about 25oC then air

conditioning will probably be necessary to maintain comfort levels.
This internal temperature (around 25oC) may change depending on
some variables such as:

type of building
location of building
duration of high internal temperature
expected comfort conditions.
degree of air movement
percentage saturation

In some buildings it may be possible to maintain a comfortable

environment with mechanical ventilation but the air change rate will
tend to be high which can in itself cause air distribution problems.

Since air conditioning is both expensive to install and maintain, it

is best avoided if possible. This may possibly be achieved by
careful building design and by utilizing methods such as:
window

blinds or shading methods

heat

absorbing glass

heat

reflecting glass

open

able windows

higher

ceilings

smaller

windows on south facing facades

alternative

lighting schemes.

The diagram below shows some of these methods .

If air conditioning is the only answer to adequate comfort in a building

then the main choice of system can be considered.
Full comfort air conditioning can be used in summer to provide cool air
(approx. 13oC to 18oC) in summer and warm air (approx. 28oC to 36oC)
in winter.
Also the air is cleaned by filters, dehumidified to remove moisture or
humidified to add moisture.
Air conditioning systems fall into three main categories, and are detailed
in the following pages;
1.

Central plant systems.

2.

Room air conditioning units.

3.

Fan coil units.

Central plant systems have one central source of conditioned

air which is distributed in a network of ductwork.

Room air conditioning units are self-contained package units

which can be positioned in each room to provide cool air in summer
or warm air in winter.

Fan coil units are room units and incorporate heat exchangers
piped with chilled water and a fan to provide cool air.
There are other forms of air conditioning such as: Chilled beams ,
Induction units, Variable Air Volume units, Dual duct systems, Chilled
ceiling, but we will consider the more commonly used methods first.

AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEMS

Single Duct: system is used for a large room such as an atrium, a

banking hall, a lecture room, entertainment or operating theatre. It
can be applied to groups of rooms with a similar demand for air
conditioning such as offices facing the same side of the building. A
terminal heater battery under the control of a temperature sensor
within the room can be employed to provide individual room
conditions.
Dual duct: in order for a wider- ranging demands for heating and
cooling in multi-room buildings, the dual duct system is used. Air
flow in the two supply ducts may of necessity, be at a high velocity.
Air turbulence and fan noise are prevented from entering the room
by acoustic silencer.

Choosing an A/C System

Generally central plant systems are used in large prestigious buildings
where a high quality environment is to be achieved. Cassette units and
other split systems can be used together with central plant systems to
provide a more flexible design.
EACH SYSTEM HAS ITS OWN ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Central Plant Systems - Advantages:

Noise in rooms is usually reduced if plant room is away from occupied spaces.

The whole building can be controlled from a central control station.

This means that optimum start and stop can be used and a weather compensator
can be utilized. Also time clocks can bring air conditioning on and off at appropriate
times.

Maintenance is centralized in the plant room. Plant is easier to access.

Central Plant Systems - Disadvantages:

Expensive

to install a complete full comfort air-conditioning system throughout a

building.
Space

is required for plant and to run ductwork both vertically in shafts and
horizontally in ceiling spaces.

Individual

room control is difficult with central plant.

Room Air Conditioning Units - Advantages:

Cheaper

to install.

Individual
Works
No
Can

room control.

well where rooms have individual requirements.

long runs of ductwork.

be used to heat as well as cool if a reversing valve is fitted.

Room Air Conditioning Units - Disadvantages:

Sometimes
Noisy

the indoor unit fan becomes noisy.

compressor in outdoor unit.

Each

unit or group of units has a filter, compressor and refrigeration pipework that
needs periodic maintenance and possible re-charging.

The

installation may require long runs of refrigerant pipework which, if it leaks into the
building, can be difficult to remedy.

Not

at robust as central plant.

The

majority of room air conditioners just recirculate air in a room with no fresh air
supply although most manufacturers make units with fresh air capability.

Cooling

output is limited to about 9 kW maximum per unit; therefore many units would
be required to cool rooms with high heat gains.

Fan coil units are similar is some respects to Room Air Conditioners.

Fan Coil Units - Advantages:

Cheaper

to install than all air central plant system.

Individual
Works
No

room control.

well where rooms have individual requirements.

long runs of ductwork.

Can

be used to heat as well as cool if 3 or 4-pipe system is used.

Fan Coil Units - Disadvantages:

Sometimes

the indoor unit fan becomes noisy, especially when the

speed is changing with in-built controls.

Each

unit requires maintenance.

Long

runs of pipework are required.

chiller is still required to produce chilled water therefore they do not

save as much in plant and plant room space as room air conditioners.
Also boilers will be required if heating mode is installed.

Fresh

air facility may not be installed.

Cooling

output is limited to about 5 kW.

Central Plant Systems-A typical central plant

air conditioning system is shown below.

The system shown above resembles a balanced ventilation system

with plenum heating but with the addition of a cooling coil.

In winter the heater battery will be on and the cooling coil will
probably be switched off for the majority of buildings.

In summer the heater battery will not need to have the same output
and the cooling coil will be switched on.

A humidifier may be required to add moisture to the air when it is

'dry'. This is when outdoor air has a low humidity of around 20% to
30%.

In dryer regions humidification is required through most of the year

whereas in tropical air conditioning one of the main features of the
system is the ability to remove moisture from warm moist air.

Central air conditioners have two separate components: the

condenser and the evaporator. The condenser unit is usually
located outside the house on a concrete slab. The evaporator coil
is mounted in the plenum or main duct junction above the
furnace.

Most central air conditioners are connected to a home's forcedair distribution system. Thus, the same motor, blower, and
ductwork used for heating are used to distribute cool air from
the air conditioning system.

When a central air conditioner is operating, hot air inside the

house flows to the furnace through the return-air duct. The hot
air is moved by the blower across the cooled evaporator coil in
the plenum and is then delivered through ducts to cool the
house. When the air conditioner works but the house doesn't
cool, the problem is probably in the distribution system.

CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER

HOW CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS WORK

A

furnace works to keep a home warm in the winter and plays a

critical part in the operation of an air conditioning system.

Furnaces

produce heat through the combustion of natural gas in

the furnace's burner.

The

heat produced from this process then passes through a heat

exchanger. Air from your home's return air ducts is blown over the
heat exchanger, thus warming the air.

Thermostat

is the device that controls the air conditioner units. It

uses to turn the heater or AC unit ON and OFF. It controls the
temperature of specific building.

This

air conditioning
comfort purposes.

thermostat controls space temperature for

An evaporator coil: An evaporator or evaporator coil is a part or an air

conditioning system and is sometimes referred to as a cooling coil or indoor
coil. Liquid refrigerant travels through a sealed copper tube and into the
evaporator coil and then goes through a very tiny hole or metering device
causing the liquid's pressure to drop significantly. This causes the
refrigerant to expand which turns it into a low temperature, low pressure
gas.

Blowers: have the exact same function as a fan. Only the construction is
different. Fans are normally used at condensing units, while blowers are
used for evaporation units.

The compressor and condenser are usually located on the outside air
portion of the air conditioner. The evaporator is located on the inside the
house, sometimes as part of a furnace. That's the part that heats your
house.

The working fluid arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. The
compressor squeezes the fluid.

CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER

Central air conditioners are

made up of two separate
components:
the
condenser unit, located
outside the house on a
concrete slab, and the
evaporator coil above the
furnace.

Both the evaporator and

the condenser are sealed.

CENTRAL AIR COND CONT

Therefore, a professional service person should be called

for almost any maintenance other than routine cleaning.

Central air conditioners should be professionally inspected

and adjusted before the beginning of every cooling season.

However, don't let your maintenance end with this annual

checkup. While there aren't many repairs you can make
yourself, there are specific maintenance procedures you
can follow to keep your system operating at peak efficiency.

ROOM OR WINDOW AIR CONDITIONERS

Room or window air conditioners cool rooms rather than

the entire home or business.

They provide cooling only where they're needed, room air

conditioners are less expensive to operate than central
units, even though their efficiency is generally lower than
that of central air conditioners.

Smaller room air conditioners (i.e., those drawing less than 7.5
amps of electricity) can be plugged into any 15- or 20-amp, 115volt household circuit that is not shared with any other major
appliances. Larger room air conditioners (i.e., those drawing
more than 7.5 amps) need their own dedicated 115-volt circuit.

SIZING AND SELECTING A ROOM AIR

CONDITIONER

The required cooling capacity for a room air conditioner

depends on the size of the room being cooled.

room air conditioners generally have cooling capacities that

range from 5,500 Btu per hour to 14,000 Btu per hour. A
common rating term for air conditioning size is the "ton,"
which is 12,000 Btu per hour.

Proper sizing is very important for efficient air conditioning.

A bigger unit is not necessarily better because a unit that is
too large will not cool an area uniformly. A small unit running
for an extended period operates more efficiently and is more
effective at dehumidifying than a large unit that cycles on
and off too frequently.

Based on size alone, an air conditioner generally needs 20

Btu for each square foot of living space.

Other important factors to consider when selecting an air

conditioner are room height, local climate, shading, and
window size.

Verify that your home's electrical system can meet the

unit's power requirements.

Room units operate on 115-volt or 230-volt circuits. The

standard household receptacle is a connection for a 115volt branch circuit. Large room units rated at 115 volts may
require a dedicated circuit and room units rated at 230
volts may require a special circuit.

If you are mounting your air conditioner near the corner of a

room, look for a unit that can direct its airflow in the desired
direction for your room layout. If you need to mount the air
conditioner at the narrow end of a long room, then look for a
fan control known as "Power Thrust" or "Super Thrust" that
sends the cooled air farther into the room.

Other features to look for include:

A filter that slides out easily for regular cleaning

Logically arranged controls
A digital readout for the thermostat setting
A built-in timer.

INSTALLING AND OPERATING YOUR ROOM AIR

CONDITIONER

A little planning before installing your air conditioner will

save you energy and money. The unit should be level when
installed, so that the inside drainage system and other
mechanisms operate efficiently.

Don't place lamps or televisions near your air-conditioner's

thermostat. The thermostat senses heat from these
appliances, which can cause the air conditioner to run
longer than necessary.

Set your air conditioner's thermostat as high as is

comfortably possible in the summer. The less difference
between the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the lower
your overall cooling bill will be.

Don't set your thermostat at a colder setting than normal

when you turn on your air conditioner; it will not cool your
home any faster and could result in excessive cooling and
unnecessary expense.

Set the fan speed on high, except on very humid days. When
humidity is high, set the fan speed on low for more comfort.
The low speed on humid days will cool your home more
effectively and remove more moisture from the air because
of slower air movement through the cooling equipment.

Consider using an interior fan in conjunction with your

window air conditioner to spread the cooled air through your
home without greatly increasing electricity us

ROOM AIR CONDITIONER

ROOM AIR COND CONT

If you have a small area to cool in the summer - say, one or

two rooms a room air conditioner may be a more
economical choice than a central air conditioning unit. It
will cost less initially and it will cost less to operate in the
long run.

Most room air conditioners sit in a window where they can

exhaust warm air to the outside.

Window installations can be drafty, however, so at the end

of the warm weather season some people remove the unit
from the window and store it for the winter. Room air
conditioners can also be built into the wall for a more
permanent installation.

DUCTLESS AIR CONDITIONER

A cooling system which can

operate without a duct work
is known as ductless air
conditioning.

Nowadays it is becoming
more and more popular and
is
preferred
to
the
conventional air conditioners.

Ductless air conditioners are

generally used for sun rooms,
in homes (that are created
without ducting system) and
for
small
apartment
buildings.

AIR HANDLING UNIT

Ductless air conditioners

are formed of 2 major
units- compressor unit and
cooling unit.

The compressor unit is

placed outside the house
and the cooling unit is
placed inside the house.
Both
the
units
are
connected by a conduit
which consists of suction
tubing, a power cable, a
condensate
drain
and
refrigerant tubing.

AIR HANDLING UNIT

The ductless conditioner is available with a remote and a

built in timer. The function of the built in timer is to set the
cycle of the ductless conditioner.

The ductless air conditioner is planned with two refrigerant

lines that operate between the inside and outside units.

The first refrigerant line provides electricity whereas the

second refrigerant line removes the water. Both the lines
help in sustaining the flow of cold air from the external
compressor unit to the internal cooling unit which propels
chill air into the room.

Components of an Air Conditioner

The refrigerant: is a substance that circulates through the air conditioner,
alternately absorbing, transporting and releasing heat.
A coil is a system of tubing through which refrigerant flows and where heat
transfer takes place. The tubing may have fins to increase the surface area
available for heat exchange.
The evaporator is a coil that allows the refrigerant to absorb heat from its
surroundings, causing the refrigerant to boil and become a low-temperature
vapour.
The compressor squeezes the molecules of the refrigerant gas together,
increasing the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant and circulating
the refrigerant.
The condenser is a coil that allows the refrigerant gas to give off heat to its
surroundings and become a liquid.
The expansion device releases the pressure created by the compressor.
This causes the temperature to drop and the refrigerant to become a lowtemperature vapour/liquid mixture.
The plenum is an air compartment that forms part of the system for
distributing warmed or cooled air through the house. It is generally
immediately above the heat exchanger.

Air Balancing
Adjusting an air conditioning system so that the right amount of
air is delivered to the right places in your home in order to achieve
the proper heating and cooling effect.
Air Cleaner
A device that removes allergens, pollutants and other undesirable
particles from air that is heated or cooled.
Air Conditioner
Equipment that conditions air by cleaning, cooling, heating,
humidifying or dehumidifying it. A term often applied to comfort
cooling equipment.
Air Filter
A device for removing particulate material from the air stream.
The higher the MERV rating the better the filter.
Air handling unit
A central unit consisting of a blower, heating and cooling
elements, filter racks or chamber, dampers, humidifier, and other
central equipment in direct contact with the airflow. This does not
include the ductwork through the building. Abbreviated AH or
AHU.

Chiller
A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression
or absorption refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through
pipes in a building and passes through coils in air handlers, fancoil units, or other systems, cooling and usually dehumidifying the
air in the building.
Chillers are of two types; air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled
chillers are usually outside and consist of condenser coils cooled
by fan-driven air. Water-cooled chillers are usually inside a
building, and heat from these chillers is carried by recirculating
water to a heat sink such as an outdoor cooling tower.
coil
Equipment that performs heat transfer to air when mounted inside
an air handling unit or ductwork. It is heated or cooled by
electrical means or by circulating liquid or steam within it.
Condenser (heat transfer)
A component in the basic refrigeration cycle that ejects or
removes heat from the system. The condenser is the hot side of
an air conditioner or heat pump.

Damper (architecture)
A plate or gate placed in a duct to control air flow by increasing
friction in the duct.
Duct (HVAC)
Specialized housing for the air flow.
Economizer
An HVAC component that uses outside air, under suitable climate
conditions, to reduce required mechanical cooling. When the
outside airs enthalpy is less than the required supply air during a
call for cooling, an economizer allows a buildings mechanical
ventilation system to use up to the maximum amount of outside
air.
fresh air intake
An opening through which outside air is drawn into the building.
This may be to replace air in the building that has been exhausted
by the ventilation system, or to provide fresh air for combustion of
fuel. Abbreviated FAI.

Thank you!

END OF PRESENTATION

PROCRASTINATING WILL NEVER WORK FOR

YOU!

DO YOUR WORK AND STOP LOOKING FOR

SOMEONE TO BLAME BECAUSE IT WILL
NEVER BRING RESULTS TO YOU SIR/MADAM