Chapter 01

Carlos Cordeiro
Philips Research North America

Briarcliff Manor, NY
Dharma P. Agrawal
OBR Research Center for Distributed and Mobile Computing
University of Cincinnati, OH
Copyright 2006, Dr. Carlos Cordeiro and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal, All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
Chapters:
1. Introduction
2. Routing in Ad hoc Networks
3. Broadcasting, Multicasting and Geocasting
4. Wireless LANs
5. Wireless PANs
6. Directional Antenna Systems
7. TCP over Ad Hoc Networks
8. Wireless Sensor Networks
9. Data Retrieval in Sensor Networks
10. Security
11. Integrating MANETs, WLANs and Cellular
Networks
Chapter 1:
Introduction
Introduction
The Communication Puzzle
Applications of MANETs
Challenges
Scalability
Quality of Service
Client-Server Model Shift
Security
Interoperation with the Internet
Energy Conservation
Node (MH) Cooperation
Interoperation
Book Organization
Conclusions and Future Directions
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects
References
A Mobile Ad Hoc
Network (MANET)
MH2
MH2
MH4
Asymmetric link
MH3
MH5
MH7
Symmetric link
MH1
MH6
Characteristics of a
MANET
An autonomous system of nodes (Mobile Hosts: MHs)

connected by wireless links
Same channel used by all nodes
Lack of fixed infrastructure
Absence of centralized authority
Peer-to-peer connectivity
Multi-hop forwarding to ensure network connectivity
Topology may change dynamically
Random Multi-hop Graph
Energy-constrained
Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links
Important
characteristics
Characteristi of
Description
a
MANET
c
Dynamic
Topologies
Nodes are free to move arbitrarily with different

speeds; thus, the network topology may change
randomly and at unpredictable times.
Energyconstrained
Operation
Some or all of the nodes in an ad hoc network

may rely on batteries or other exhaustible means
for their energy. For these nodes, the most
important system design optimization criteria
may be energy conservation.
Limited
Bandwidth
Wireless links continue to have significantly

lower capacity than infrastructured networks. In
addition, the realized throughput of wireless
communications after accounting for the effects
of multiple access, fading, noise, and
interference conditions, etc., is often much less
than a radios maximum transmission rate.
Security
Threats
Mobile wireless networks are generally more

prone to physical security threats than fixedcable nets. The increased possibility of
Copyright 2006, Dr. Carloseavesdropping,
Cordeiro and Prof. Dharmaspoofing,
P. Agrawal, All rights
andreserved.
minimization of
The envisioned
communication
puzzle of 4G and
beyond
The scope of various

wireless technologies
Applications of
MANETs
Collaborative Work
Crisis-management Applications
Collaborative computing might be important outside office

environments
Natural disasters with entire communications infrastructure
in disarray
Restoring communications quickly is essential
Infrastructure could be set up in hours instead of
days/weeks
Personal Area Networking
Short-range, localized network of nodes associated with a

person
Nodes could be attached to someones cell phone, pulse
watch, belt, etc.
Bluetooth is an example
Eliminates need of wires between devices such as printers,
cell phones, PDAs, laptop computers, headsets, etc.
IEEE 802.15 standard working group
10
Scalability
Future
Challenges in Ad
hoc and Sensor
Networks
N
Short-range Throughput per node decreases at a rate 1/
, where N is the
number of nodes
This cannot be fixed except by physical layer improvements, such as
directional antennas
Quality of service
Need to provide best-effort service only for Voice, live video and file transfer
Client server model shift
There is no server, but demand for basic services still exists.

Address allocation, name resolution, authentication and service location are
just examples of very basic services which are needed
Security
Lack of any centralized network management or certification authority

Networks are particularly prone to malicious behavior
Interoperation with the Internet
Networks require some Internet connection

Interface between the two are very different
Energy conservation
Lifetime of a single battery and the whole network.
Node cooperation
Why anyone should relay other peoples data
Interoperation
What happens when two autonomous ad hoc networks move into same area
11
Book outline
Chapter 2: Unicast routing over ad hoc networks

Chapter 3: Multicasting, Broadcasting and
geocasting in ad hoc networks

Chapters 4 and 5: Most widely used MAC and
physical layers for ad hoc networks
Chapter 6: Use of directional antenna for increasing
capacity, connectivity, and covertness of ad hoc
networks
Chapter 7: The issue of TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) over ad hoc networks
Chapter 8: Introduction to sensor networks
Chapter 9: Data retrieval in sensor networks
Chapter 10: Security in ad hoc networks
Chapter 11: Integration of heterogeneous wireless
technologies in the context of ad hoc and sensor
networks
12
Book Organization
Application
Transport
Network
LLC
Data
MAC Link
Physical
All chapters
Chapters 7,
9 and 11
Chapters 2, 3, 6,
8, 9, 10, and 11
Chapters 4, 5, 6,
8, 9, and 11
Chapters 4,
5, 6, and 11
13

Chapter 01

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Carlos Cordeiro

Philips Research North America

An autonomous system of nodes (Mobile Hosts: MHs)

Nodes are free to move arbitrarily with different

Some or all of the nodes in an ad hoc network

Wireless links continue to have significantly

Mobile wireless networks are generally more

The scope of various

Collaborative computing might be important outside office

Personal Area Networking

Short-range, localized network of nodes associated with a

Client server model shift

There is no server, but demand for basic services still exists.

Lack of any centralized network management or certification authority

Interoperation with the Internet

Networks require some Internet connection

Lifetime of a single battery and the whole network.

Why anyone should relay other peoples data

Chapter 2: Unicast routing over ad hoc networks

geocasting in ad hoc networks

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