Memory

Memory
Memory is an organism's ability to
store, retain, and recall information
and experiences

Theories of Memory
Theory of General Memory Functions
Information Processing Theory
Theory by Atkinson and Richard
Shiffrin

Theory of General Memory

Functions
3 Basic Memory functions

Information Processing
Theories
Memory works in three stages
Output or Information
Step by step process
Input from sensory organs

Theory by Atkinson and

Richard Shiffrin
Most widely used
theory

Levels Of Processing
Theories
Craik & Lockhart (1972)
Incoming Information is analyzed in
various levels of analysis.
Better the analysis, better the memory.
Processing will be automatic unless
attention is focused on a particular level

Sensory Register
Very Brief Storage of Information by Our
Sensory Channels. Information Stored is
lost very fast
Example: Visual Sensory Register holds information
of 11 to 16 items for only one second.
Auditory Register holds in formation for 4
or 5 seconds

Short Term Memory

A memory which can hold information from
sensory register for about 30 seconds and
which has less storage capacity, depending
upon : The state of the brain
Flow of information
Emotional State

Rehearsal
The process of rehearsal consists of
keeping items of information in The
Center OF Attention, by repeating
them silently or aloud or by writing.
The amount of rehearsal
determines the time for which the
Information is held in the memory.

 Previously, continuous rehearsal also

called Maintenance Rehearsal
was responsible for retaining memory.

Modern theories suggest that

Elaborative Rehearsal helps in
retaining Memory.
Elaborative Rehearsal :- Giving the
information a meaning, so to ease the
process of retaining

Long Term Memory

Memory which has no specific time limit
for storing information. It can be weeks,
months, or years or even lifetime. It has
no limit in terms of storage capacity.
Semantic
Episodic

Semantic memory
The brain stores information about words,
what they look like and represent, and
how they are used in an organized way

Episodic memory
Episodic memory is a form of memory
which allows someone to recall events of
personal importance.

Tip of the tongue

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)
phenomenon refers to the
experience of feeling confident that
one knows an answer, yet is unable
to produce the word.

Encoding & Storing Long Term

Memories
Encoding for long term storage
requires Special attention

Role of imagery
Imagery is simply the formation of any
mental pictures
Example: trying to remember a phone
number by repeating it in your head is a
common method, but what might
enhance your processing of the
information might be to use imagery maybe visualize the numbers being
written on a chalk board. This allows you
to create a mental picture of the
numbers that may be processed more
completely

Role of constructive process

During encoding, to be remembered information
epically if it is a complex life event or something
which you have read.
The driver of the car was seen drinking before he was
involved in an accident

MemoryRetrieval
Once information has been encoded
and stored in memory, it must be
retrieved in order to be used. There
are four basic ways in which
information can be pulled from longterm memory
Recall
Recollection
Recognition
Relearning

Recall & Recollection

Recall: This type of
memory retrieval
involves being able to
access the
information without
being cued

Recollection: This
type of memory
retrieval involves
reconstructing
memory, often
utilizing logical
structures, partial
memories, narratives
or clues

Recognition & Relearning

Recognition: This
type of memory
retrieval involves
identifying information
after experiencing it
again.

Relearning: This type

of memory retrieval
involves relearning
information that has
been previously
learned

Amnesia
Amnesia from the Greek word
is a condition in which
memory is disturbed or lost. A
memory disorder which resulting in
loss of what has been already stored
or an In-ability to retrieve stored
information.

Physiological Amnesia
An Amnesia caused without any
physical force, brain disorder or
biological malfunctioning in the body.
Child hood Amnesia
Dream Amnesia
Defensive Amnesia

Biological Amnesia
Concussions from blows to the
head, other damage to the brain,
temporary disturbances in the brains
blood supply, certain drugs and
brain diseases are causes of amnesia
and fall under biological amnesia
Transient global amnesia
Drug induced amnesia
Brain diseases