Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Method
Assume
: x y xy 0
Equilibrium Equations
xz yz
0
z
z
Compatibility Equations
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
0
x 2
y 2
z 2
xy
Integrating
z C1 x C2 y C3 z C4 xz C5 yz C6
Elasticity
Extension of Cylinders
Assumptions
- Load Pz is applied at centroid of
cross-section so no bending
effects
- Using Saint-Venant Principle, exact
end tractions are replaced by
statically equivalent uniform
loading
Pz stress z is uniform
- Thusassume
, xz yz 0
z
A
over any cross-section throughout
andsolid
x y xy 0
the
Using stress results into Hookes law and combining
with the strain-displacement relations gives
P
u z x
u
P v
P w Pz
AE
Integrating and
z ,
z ,
x
AE y
AE z AE
P
dropping rigid-body
v z y
motion terms such
AE
u v
v w
w u
0,
0,
0 that displacements
Pz
y x
z y
x z
w
z
vanish at origin
AE
Elasticity
Torsion of Cylinders
Torsional Deformations
y
P
'
r
u r sin y
v r cos x
S
x
R
length
u yz
v xz
w w( x, y )
w = warping
displacement
Now must show assumed
displacement form
will satisfy all elasticity field equations
Elasticity
u yz
v xz
x y z xy 0
e xz
1 w
2 x
xz
e yz
1 w
x
2 y
yz
x
y
w w( x, y )
y
x
0
x
y
xz yz
2
y
x
xz:
Introduce Prandtl Stress Function = (x,y)
, yz
y
x
2
x 2 y 2
Boundary Conditions
Stress Function
Formulation
On Lateral Side: S
Txn x nx yx n y zx nz 0 0 0
T xy nx y n y zy nz 0 0 0
n
y
T xz
n
z
n n
x
yz
z nz 0
dx dy
d
0
0 constant 0
x ds y ds
ds
n
On End: R (z = constant)
UnitNormal
dy dx
nx
ds dn
dx dy
ny
ds dn
Px Txn dxdy 0
R
Py Tyn dxdy 0
R
Pz Tzn dxdy 0
R
M x yTzn dxdy 0
R
M y xTzn dxdy 0
R
Elasticity
Displacement Formulation
xz yz
0
x
y
2w 2w
0
x 2 y 2
dw
w
y n x
x n y 0 or
( ynx xny )
y
dn
On End: R
M z ( xTyn yTxn )dxdy T
R
w
w
dxdy
T ( x 2 y 2 ) x
y
R
y
x
T J
Elasticity
x w y w
dxdy . . . TorsionalRigidity
J x 2 y 2
Formulation
Comparison
Displacement Formulation
2w 2w
0 R
x 2 y 2
w
n y 0 S
Elasticity
boundary
i S
S ii, or i = 0, 1,
y . n.x .
x n y 0 S i
x
Elasticity
Membrane Analogy
Stress function equations are identical to those governing static deflection of an
elastic membrane under uniform pressure. This creates an analogy between the
two problems, and enables particular features from membrane problem to be
used to aid solution of torsion problem. Generally used to providing insight into
qualitative features and to aid in developing approximate solutions.
Membrane
Equations
2z 2z
z 0 on S
V zdxdy
R
p
N
Torsion
Equations
2 2
2
x 2 y 2
0 on S
T 2
dxdy
R
Elasticity
Torsion Solutions
Derived from
Boundary Equation
f ( x, y ) 0
2 R
x 2 y 2
0S
Elasticity
x2 y2
1
a2 b2
b
a
x2 y2
K 2 2 1
Look for Stress Function Solution
b
a
a 2 b 2
satisfies boundary condition and will satisfy governingK 2
a b2
governing if
Since governing equation and boundary condition are satisfied, we
have found solution
Elasticity
Elliptical Section
Results
(Displacement
Contours)
(Stress Function
Contours)
Stress Field
Displacement Field
2a
2Ty
y
a2 b2
ab 3
2b 2
2Tx
2
x
a b2
ba 3
T (b 2 a 2 )
w
xy
a 3 b 3
xz
yz
2xz 2yz
max
2T x
y
4
4
ab a
b
2T
(0,b)
ab2
2a 2b 2 1
T 2
a b2 a2
x 2 dxdy
1
b2
y 2 dxdy
a 3b 3
T (a 2 b 2 )
T 2
or
a b2
a 3b 3
Elasticity
dxdy
R
Elasticity
For stress function try product form of each boundary line equation
K ( x 3 y 2a )( x 3 y 2a )( x a )
6a
governing if
Since governing equation and boundary condition are satisfied, we
have found solution
Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics
M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
(Stress Function
Contours)
Stress Field
xz
( x a) y
a
2
yz
( x 2ax y 2 )
2a
max yz (a,0)
Elasticity
3
5 3T
a
2
18a 3
(Displacement
Contours)
Displacement Field
w
y (3 x 2 y 2 )
6a
27
3
a 4 I p
5
5 3
r=
2acos
y
x a 2 cy 2
a
a
r
r=
b
x a 2 cy 2
y a 2 cx 2
4a (1 2 )
, c 3 8
Elasticity
2
2a cos
(b r 2 )(1
)
2
r
As b / a 0
( max ) keyway
2a
2
a
Rectangular Section
General Triangular Section
Elasticity
b
a
x
h ( x, y ) Bn cos
n 1
nx
ny
cosh
2a
2a
32a 2
(a x )
3
2
Elasticity
2 2
2
x 2 y 2
nb
2a
(1) ( n 1) / 2
nx
ny
cos
cosh
nb
2a
2a
n 1, 3,5 3
n cosh
2a
16a
(1) ( n 1) / 2
nx
ny
xz
cos
sinh
nb
y
2a
2a
2 n 1,3,5 2
n cosh
2a
16a
(1) ( n 1) / 2
nx
ny
yz
2x
sin
cosh
nb
x
2a
2a
2 n 1,3,5 2
n cosh
2a
16a
1
max yz (a,0) 2a
2 n 1,3,5 n 2 cosh nb
2a
3
5
1
nb
tanh
5
2a
n 1, 3, 5 n
Displacement Field
32a 2
w xy
3
Elasticity
(1) ( n 1) / 2
nx
ny
sin
sinh
nb
2a
2a
n 1, 3, 5 3
n cosh
2a
Elasticity
2a
2a
(a 2 x 2 )
max 2a
16
a 3 b
3
Composite Sections
Torsion of sections composed of
thin rectangles. Neglecting local
regions where rectangles are
joined, we can use thin rectangular
solution over each section. Stress
function contours shown justify
these assumptions. Thus load
N such composite
carrying torque
16 for
T be
ai3by
bi
section will
given
3
i 1
Elasticity
a b a
a
b
(
1
k
)
2
2
2
2
2
a b
(ka) ( kb)
a b
a 2b 2 2
i 2
k 1
2
a b
max
2T
1
ab 2 1 k 4
C Membra
ne
a
a
A
B
A
(Section
aa)
ere A = section area, Ai = area enclosed by inner boundary, Ac = area enclosed by centerl
T
Combining relations
2 Ac t
TS c
Angle of twist: ds 2Ac
where Sc = length of tube
Sc
4 Ac2t
centerline
Elasticity
Cut
6
, but since Ac As
1 OpenTube ClosedTube
T
ClosedTube
As
ClosedTube
2 Ac t
Stresses are higher in open tube and thus closed tube is stronger
Elasticity
Displacement
Assumption
ur = uz = 0
u = u (r,z)
er e e z erz 0
er
1 u u
1 u
, ez
2 r
r
2 z
r z rz 0
u
u u
, z
r
z
r
3 u
3 u
r
Equilibrium Equations r r r z r z r 0
r2
3 u
r
r
z
r r
r2
3 u
r
z
r
z r
Boundary Condition
dr dz
d
0 constant
ds
r 2 r ds z ds
Elasticity
2 3 2
2 0
r 2 r r
z
1
z3
2
2 3/ 2
2
2
3
(
r
z
)
r z
Stresses
Cr 2
r 2
(r z 2 ) 5 / 2
Crz
z 2
(r z 2 ) 5 / 2
Elasticity
T
2
1
2( cos cos 3 )
3
3
Displacement
u
Cr
r
3(r 2 z 2 ) 3 / 2
0.06
Mechanics of Materials
Elasticity Theory
0.05
(z )max / T
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
Elasticity
7
z
10
(4928 Elements,
2561 Nodes)
Elasticity
(Stress Function
Contours)
(Stress Function
Contours)
(Stress Function
Contours)
Flexure of Cylinders
y
( Bx Cy
) all
0 boundary
Remaining equilibrium equation
x
y
will be identically conditions.
F 1 2
xz
Bx
y 2
satisfied if we introduce stress function F(x,y) such that
F 1 2
yz
Cy
x 2
y
Elasticity
Flexure Formulation
Remaining Beltrami-Michell Compatibility
Relations
B
( 2 F )
0
y
1
2F
(Cx By ) 2
1
C
( 2 F )
0
x
1
Zero Loading Boundary Condition on Lateral
Surface S
dF
1
dy
dx
xz n x yz n y 0
( Bx 2
Cy 2 )
ds
2
ds
ds
Separate Stress Function F into Torsional Part and
Flexural Part
F ( x, y ) ( x, y ) ( x, y )
2
2
(Cx By ) in R
2 in R
1
d
d
1
dy
dx
0 on S
( Bx 2
Cy 2 ) on S
ds
ds
2
ds
ds
Elasticity
Flexure
Formulation
General solution
(Cx By )
2
1
to
1
( x, y ) f ( x, y )
(Cx 3 By 3 ) where 2f =
6 1
0
Boundary Conditions on end z =
xz dxdy Px
BI y CI xy Px
yz dxdy Py
BI xy CI x Py
where x, y and
of section R
[ x
R
yz
xy
B
C
Px I x Py I xy
I x I y I xy2
Py I y Px I xy
I x I y I xy2
y xz ]dxdy xo Py yo Px
J (Cxy 2 Bx 2 y ) ( x
y ) dxdy x o Py y o Px
R 2
x
y
P
x
P
r cos
1 Ix
1 1 P 2
a sin 3 on r a
a 2 I x
P 3 2 2
1 2
1 2 3
2
a
x
xy
I x 8(1 )
8(1 )
24(1 )
P 1 2
xz
xy
4I x 1
P 3 2
Stress Solution:
P 3 2 2
1 2 2
max yz (0,0) 2
yz
[a y 2
x ]
I x 8(1 )
3 2
a 2(1 )
P
4 P
z y (l z )
max
Strength
of
Materials:
Ix
3 a 2
Solution:
Elasticity