How does migration affect population

structure?
How do you think migration affects the
population structure?
1. A greater proportion of economically
active population
Most likely increase in the male
population ages 20-55
2. Greater proportion of males reaching
older ages as a result

How does migration affect population

structure?
United Arab Emirates
Male

In-migration in
certain age groups

Female

The UAE,
has four
million
residents
including 3.2
million
foreigners.
UAE relies
on migrants
to fill 98
percent of
privatesector jobs.

This structure is becoming more frequent in areas across the

UK

Case Study - The effect of migration on

population structure in Cornwall
Cornwalls population
increase over the last 20
years is solely due to
migration.
Increases in net migration
are far higher than the UK
average and higher than the
south west region.
In all age categories above
50, there are more people
in Cornwall than the
national average.

2001 population pyramid for

Cornwall. UK average shown by
the red line

Why do you think people want to

move to Cornwall?
Remember: Migration can
be INTERNAL as well as
INTERNATIONAL

1
2

Preferred
environment (42%)
Rejoin relatives &
friends (40%)

Escape urban
rat-race (39%)

Enjoyed previous
holidays (38%)

Learning Outcomes:By the end of the lesson you will be able to understand
how population structures vary in different countries,
exploring ageing and youthful populations.

All of you will be

able to describe
how population
pyramids/
structures change.

Most of you of you

will be able to
identify the
impacts of ageing
populations.

Some of you of
you will be able
analyse the
impacts of aging
populations,
exploring the
ageing populations
of 2 countries.

Ageing populations

Ageing populations
An ageing population is where the balance
between the young (under 15) and the
elderly ( over 60) components of a population
shift leaving more in the elderly age brackets
e.g. Indias birth rate has fallen from 22 to 17 per 1000 population.
The death rate remains at 8 per 1000 population.
This means the natural increase drops from 1.4% to 0.9% per annum.
This results in a decrease in the under 15 age group from 31.2% to
17.2%, while those over 60 will rise from 7.5% to 11.8%.
India has a growing ageing population. ( figures from 2005)

Ageing populations
The ageing process and symptoms occur earlier in
some parts of the world.
e.g. Japan has an average life expectancy of 81
years, and Ethiopia an average life expectancy of
49 years
In LEDCs the extended family offers more
security to the elderly. The elderly remain part of
the family. In MEDCs ageing brings with it worries
of adequate pensions, access to healthcare,
appropriate housing.
In MEDCs it is common for
the elderly to move into
sheltered housing or care
homes and not live with their
extended family.

Percentage of the UK population

over 65
1921

----- > 6.1

1941

----- > 9.2

1961

----- > 11.8

1981

----- > 15.0

1991

----- > 15.7

2001

----- > 16.7

2021

----- > 20.0

In addition, the UK government predicts

that the ratio of people 65 years+ to
those aged 20-64 will rise from 27% in
2001 to 48% in 2050.

Ageing
population
Ageing
populations
An ageing population is
one where there is an
increasing proportion of
elderly people.
In 2000 there were 600
million people aged 60
and over.
There will be 1.2 billion by
2025 and 2 billion by
2050.
Soon one person in every
three will be over the age
of 60.
By 2050, there will be

What are the impacts of an

increasingly elderly population?
Challenges

Opportunities

Stretch:
Highlight the
statements to
show which
are social,
economic and
political
factors.

Opportunities of an ageing population

Issues of an ageing population

What are the impacts of an

increasingly elderly population?
Pressure on
hospital services

Demand for local

services e.g. post
office

Impacts of
an ageing
population

Need for
community
facilities e.g.
village hall

Pressure on
social services

Demand for good

public transport

What are the impacts of an

increasingly elderly population?
Health
Increased health costs although retired people do
continue to pay taxes to contribute towards
healthcare.
Pensions
The current generation of tax payers are providing
money for todays pensioners. If therefore, there is an
increased proportion of pensioners to 20-64 year
olds, this system will become unsustainable. Some
countries are increasing the age of retirement.
Housing
More nursing homes and retirement accommodation

What are the impacts of an

increasingly elderly population?
The grey vote
With a rising proportion of elderly
people their needs are being viewed
as more important by politicians
The grey pound
Companies that may benefit from
the additional spending power and
revenue include companies like
Saga which provide leisure activities
and insurance services for the over
50s
Tourist industries may benefit as
certain holidays like cruises are
popular with the wealthy retired.
Provision of services for those living
alone or those needing assistance

What are the impacts of an

increasingly elderly population?

http://

FALLING BIRTH RATE

Ageing population

Factors include:
Better diet and personal hygiene
Improved housing and infrastructure e.g. sanitation
Increased access to healthcare
Tighter health and safety regulations
FALLING DEATH RATE

INCREASING AGEING

Factors include:
Increased access to contraception
More awareness of a need for birth
control
Changing perception of family size
Spread of HIV/AIDS removing
reproductive population

Homework:
Create your own case study of ageing population in Italy

Use the text book pages 168-172

Collect examples of news articles and journals that
discuss the issue of ageing population in Italy

Include:
Facts/data
How has population
changed?
Challenges
Opportunities

Case study - Italy

How has Italys population structure changed over time?

For Discussion:
What are the implications of
the 2030 projection?

Demographic structure in Italy

What major changes does the table show?

An increasing life expectancy for both males and females
The fertility rate declined to the level where it no longer renewed
the population
Emigration from the 1950s and 1960s has been reversed

Demographic structure in Italy

Italy will face a much greater percentage of its population
being inactive, reflected by over a 45% + increase in the
total dependency ratio and an 85 % rise in old age
dependency rates between 2000 and 2030.
What might the Italian
government need to do?
Steps which the government could
take include:
Raising retirement age
Encouraging a higher birth rate
Reducing the facilities available to
retired people
Encouraging repatriation and
immigration

Demographic structure in Italy:

governmental intervention
In 2003 Roberto Maroni, the labour and
welfare minister in Silvio Berlusconi's
administration, offered 1000 Euros to
every woman who had a second child. The
bonus was paid to 190,000 women. Maroni
has now decided to extend the scheme to
women who have their first child.
Rocco Falivena, the mayor of Laviano,
says that the government's 1 000 Euro
bonus is a symbolic amount, not enough
to encourage women to have more
children. In a bid to use financial
incentives to increase the birth rate in
his own town (In 2002 only four babies
were born.) He decided in 2005 to
offer women 10,000 Euros over a five
year period for each additional baby
they have.

Ageing populations just MEDCs?

Although the effect of ageing population was initially felt in MEDCs,

there has been a global spread of the ageing population.