Universiti Tun Hussein

Onn Malaysia
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Machine (DAM
31703)
Presented by
Tuan Mohd Hafeez bin Tuan
Ibrahim
1

CHAPTER 1

POWER TRANSMISSION
GEAR DRIVE

LEARNING OUTCOMES
DEFINE THE TERMINOLOGIES
BASED TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.

OF

GEAR-

SOLVE GEAR TRAIN PROBLEMS.

INTERPRET AND APPLY THE CONCEPT OF
GEAR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM IN THE REAL
WORLD APPLICATIONS.

CONTENTS
GEAR TERMINOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF GEAR
GEAR RATIO
GEAR TRAINS
PLANETARY/EPICYCLIC GEAR
SIMPLE PLANETARY GEAR
GEAR POWER
GEAR EFFICIENCY
POWER TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY
EQUIVALENT MOMENT OF INERTIA

GEAR TERMINOLOGY

The driver is usually called

the pinion, while the driven
is usually called the gear.

GEAR TERMINOLOGY

Spur gear teeth features

GEAR TERMINOLOGY
Circular pitch, p d G tG d P t P
Diametral pitch(in inches), Pd tG d G t P d P
Module(in SI unit), m d G tG d P t P 25.4 Pd
pPd ;

p[inch], Pd [ teeth per inch]

p m ;

p[ mm], m[ mm per teeth]

where t number of teeth; d pitch diameters

G gear; P pinion
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GEAR TERMINOLOGY

GEAR TERMINOLOGY
PRESSURE ANGLE, = the angle between the line tangent to
both pitch circles of mating gears and a line perpendicular to
the surfaces of the teeth at the contact point.

Base circle diameter, d b d cos

10

GEAR TERMINOLOGY
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN MATING SPUR GEAR TEETH:

For certain combinations of numbers of teeth in a gear pair, there is interference between the tip of the teeth on the pinion and the fillet or
root of the teeth on the gear.

Interference will occurs when a small pinion drives a large gear.

It is designers responsibility to ensure that interference does not occur in a given application.

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CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
Parallel axes transmit power from 2 parallel shafts.
Eg: spur gear,helical gear and herringbone gear.
Intersecting axes transmit power between 2
perpendicular shafts that intersect. Eg: bevel gear,
angular gear and miter gear.
Crossed axes/Non Intersecting Axes transmit power
between 2 perpendicular shafts which does not
intersect. Eg: crossed gear, worm gear, hypoid gear.
Perpandicular Axes Shaft/Rotary to translation The
shaft axes between deriver and driven gear are
perpendicular to each other and do not intersect to each
other. Eg. Rack gear , Pinion ger
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CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS

13

Spur Gears

Are used in transmitting torque between parallel shafts

Helical Gears

Are used in transmitting torques between parallel or non

parallel shafts, they are not as noisy as spur gears

Fig. 13.2

Bevel Gears
Are used to
transmit rotary
motion between
intersecting shafts

Teeth are formed on conical

surfaces, the teeth could be
straight or spiral.

Worm Gears

Are used for transmitting motion between non parallel

and non transmitting shafts, Depending on the number of
teeth engaged called single or double. Worm gear mostly
used when speed ratio is quiet high, 3 or more

Nomenclature

Smaller Gear is Pinion and Larger one is the gear

In most application the pinion is the driver, This reduces
speed but it increases torque.

Internal Spur Gear System

GEAR RATIO
O

O
OO = C = center distance
= r1 + r2

driven velocity 2 N 2 d1 t1
n

driver velocity 1 N1 d 2 t 2

At contact point A, the velocities, v of both gear are

equal.
Gear ratio can be symbolized with + (positive) for the
same direction and (negative) for opposite direction.
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GEAR TRAINS

B
tA
A B :

A
tB
C
tB
B C :

B
tC
tC
D
C D:

C
tD

Simple gear train

D B

n
A A

tA

tB

t
B
tC

tC

tD

tA

- - opposite direction
tD
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GEAR TRAINS
B
t
A
A
tB
t

C D: D C
C
tD
D B

n
A A
A B :

Compound gear train

; B C
C

t A tC

same direction
tB tD
Product of teeth on driver

Product of teeth on driven

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EXAMPLE 1.1

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GEAR TRAINS

B
t
A
A
tB
D
tC
C D:

C
tD
A B :

D B

A A

Reverted/coaxial gear train

t
A
tB

; B C
C

tC
same direction
tD

Because of the shaft 1 and shaft 2 are parallel, so:

rA rB rC rD
and
m At A mB t B mC t A mD t D

2
2
2
2
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EXAMPLE 1.2

26

GEAR POWER
To satisfy the law of energy conservation, when
gear transmit power, the power of driven gear is
equal to the power from the driving gear.
PDRIVER PDRIVEN

DRIVER DRIVEN
Torque can be derived from the Newtons
second Law, that is sum of torque is equal to
product of moment of inertia, I of the gear and
the angular acceleration, of the gear.
I
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GEAR EFFICIENCY

PDRIVEN 22 2
G

n
PDRIVER 11 1
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POWER TRANSMISSION
EFFICIENCY
PM

IM

P1

IT

P3
PD

P2

ID

P4

PM = POWER OF MOTOR
PD = POWER OF DRUM
I

= INERTIA OF EACH SHAFT

X = BEARING
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POWER TRANSMISSION
EFFICIENCY
1
M

M ; M
T ; T

D
X
4

D ; D
30

POWER TRANSMISSION
EFFICIENCY

In (a ) M 1 I M M

1
In (b) 2 3 I T T and 2
G1 / 2
n1/ 2
3
In (c) 4 X D I D D and 4
G 3 / 4
n3 / 4
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POWER TRANSMISSION
EFFICIENCY
The power equation for the motor, gears and drum:
PM M M

P1 1 M M I M M M PM I M M M
P2 P1G1/ 2
1

P3 3T 2 I T T T
G1/ 2 I T T T
n1/ 2

P4 P3G 3 / 4
3

PD D D 4 X I G G D
G 3 / 4 X I D D D
n3 / 4

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POWER TRANSMISSION
EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of the system:
output PD
O

input
PM
If the friction torque, X is neglected and the system run with
constant velocity, the efficiency of the system:
O 1/ 2 3 / 4

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EQUIVALENT MOMENT OF INERTIA

In the previous topic, gears are assumed to not having
moment of inertia. In real cases, gears do. In order to
rotate a gear, certain amount of torque is needed to
overcome this moment of inertia. Since gear A is
connected to gear B, larger torque is needed. We can
simplify our calculation by finding the equivalent
moment of inertia.

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EQUIVALENT MOMENT OF INERTIA

Torque at gear B to accelerate: IB:

B I B B I B n A

Gear efficiency:

B B B
G
n
A A A

Torque at gear A to accelerate IB:

n
n
n I Bn2
A
A B
I B B
I B n A

G
G
G G

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EQUIVALENT MOMENT OF INERTIA

A I A A

Torque at gear A to accelerate IA:

Total of torque at gear A to accelerate IA and IB :

I Bn2

I A A

I Bn2
A
I A
G

Therefore, the equivalent moment of inertia (refer to A) of

the system:
I EQ

I Bn2

I A
G
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EXAMPLE 1.3

37

PLANETARY/EPICYCLIC
GEAR(table_explain)

38

PLANETARY/EPICYCLIC GEAR
Type of tooth cut

GEAR NAME

TOOTH CUT

SUN
PLANET

EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL

ANNULUS/RING

INTERNAL

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PLANETARY/EPICYCLIC GEAR
External gear drives another external gear, output
direction is reversed.
External gear is in mesh with an internal gear,
direction is same.
Direction of rotation
GEAR NAME

SUN

SUN
PLANET

Opposite (ve)

ANNULUS

Opposite (ve)

PLANET

ANNULUS

Opposite (ve)

Opposite (ve)
Same(+ve)

Same(+ve)

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SIMPLE PLANETARY GEAR

Suppose it is required to find the gear ratio of S to L

when A is held fixed/locked. The procedure is as
follows:
(a) Give all gears +1 rotation (clockwise)
(b) Hold the arm L fixed and rotate the annulus A -1
rotation (anticlockwise), thus returning it to its
former position.
(c) Sum up the number of rotation.
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SIMPLE PLANETARY GEAR

Step

Number of rotation
L

(a) Give all gears +1 rotation

+1

+1

+1

(b) Hold arm L; Turn A -1 rotation

-1

tA/tS

(c) Resulting motion [=(a)+(b)]

+1

1+(tA/tS)

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SIMPLE PLANETARY GEAR

In step (b):N

NS NP

N A NP N A
t t t
P A A
tS tP tS
since N A 1;
t
t
N S A 1 A
tS
tS

In step (c): Summing up, we have resulting motion of N S 1 t A

t
S

The gear ratio of S to L when A1 is locked:

tA

t S
1

NS

NL

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SIMPLE PLANETARY GEAR

If all the gears are rotating and no gears are
locked, the procedure is as follows:
(a) Give all gears +a rotation
(b) Hold the arm L fixed and rotate any
annulus A +b rotation.
(c) Sum up the number of rotation.
Step

Number of rotation
L

(a) Give all gears +a rotation

+a

+a

+a

(b) Hold arm L; Turn A +b rotation

+b

-(tA/tS)b

(c) Resulting motion [=step(a)+step(b)]

+a

a+b

a+(tA/tS)b
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EXAMPLE 1.4

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THANK YOU

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