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Linear Equation
INTRODUCTION OF Linear
Equation
Differentiation is a process of looking at the way a function changes from one point to another.
Given any function we may need to find out what it looks like when graphed.
TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION
This is a technique
used to calculate
the gradient, or
slope, of a graph at
different points
In this chapter
we will look at
the cases where
this limit can be
evaluated
exactly.
The Process of
calculating the
derivative of a
function is called
differentiation.
,
,
EXAMPLE: TECHNIQUES OF
DIFFERENTIATION
,
f (x)
y f ( x )may
y,
dy
dx
or d f (x)
dx
Dx f (x)
f ( x) cg ( x)
f ( x ) lim
b x
(2)
f (b) f ( x )
cg (b) cg ( x)
g (b) g ( x )
lim
c lim
cg ( x)
b x
b
x
b
x
b x
b x
f ( x) g ( x) k ( x)
f (b ) f ( x )
[ g (b) k (b )] [ g ( x ) k ( x )]
lim
x
b
x
b x
b x
f ( x ) lim
g (b) g ( x )
k (b) k ( x )
g ( x ) k ( x )
lim
lim
b
x
b
x
b x
b x
Similarly, f has an absolute minimum at c if f (c) f (x) for all x in D and number
f (c) is called the minimum value of f on D . The maximum and minimum values
of f are called the extreme values of f .
A function f has a local maximum at c if f (c) f (x) when x is near c. This means
that f (c) f (x) for all x in some open interval containing c. Similarly, f has a
local minimum at c if f (c) f (x) when x is near c .
INTEGRAL
INTRODUCTION OF INTEGRAL
The integral is an important concept
in mathematics. Integration is one of
the two main operations in calculus,
with its inverse, differentiation,
being the other. Given a function f of
a real variable x and an interval [a,
b] of the real line.
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRAL
Over the next few sections we examine some techniques that are frequently
This is not a simple derivative, but a little thought reveals that it must have come from
an application of ruthe chain le. Multiplied on the outside is 2x, which is the derivative
of the inside function
Checking:
So
Even when the chain rule has produced a certain derivative, it is not always easy to see.
EXAMPLE OF INTEGRAL
Evaluate
Evaluate
APPLICATION
OF INTEGRAL
present value Now, instead of looking at what happens
An example involving
would be to determine how much
money you will need to have when you
retire, if you want to ensure that you
can withdraw $4000 per month from an
account
with
fixed
interest
compounded monthly for 40 years after
you retire.
EXAMPLE OF INTEGRAL
Total
Income
Present
Value
Future
Value
If f(t) is the rate of continuous income flow, the total income for the
first k years is:
If f(t) is the rate of continuous income flow for k years earning interest at a
rate of r, compounded continuously, then the future value of the
continuous income stream is:
. PV
THE END