Chapter 10 Properties of Gases

Chapter 10
Properties of Gases
Brady and Senese

5th Edition
Index
10.1 Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the mo
lecular level
10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases
10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations
10.4 Gas volumes are used in solving stoichiometry proble
ms
10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T,
and the number of moles of gas, n
10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure
10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Graham's law
10.8 The kinetic molecular theory explains the gas laws
10.9 Real gases don't obey the ideal gas law perfectly
10.1 Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the molecular level
Properties of Gases
What is the shape of the air in a balloon?
Gases have an indefinite shape
What is the volume of the gas in the balloon?

They have an indefinite volume
Why do bubbles rise in liquids?

At room temperature, air has a density of 1.3 g/L while
water has a density of 1.0 g/mL
Why does a hot air balloon rise?

Hot air is less dense than cold air
How Does a Molecular Model Explain This?

Gases completely fill their
containers:
Gases are in constant random
motion
Gases have low density and are

easy to compress
Gas molecules are very far apart
Gases are easy to expand

Gas molecules dont attract one
another strongly
Your Turn!
Which of the following statements is likely to be true
about the scent from an open bottle of perfume?
A. It is only detected above the bottle
B. It is detectable in all directions from the
bottle
C. None of these
What Is Pressure?
The force of the collisions of the gas distributed over
the surface area of the container walls; P = force/area
Units : 1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr =
1.01325 105 Pascal (Pa) = 14.7 psi = 1013 millibar (mb)
Measured with a barometer

P=gdh
d = density of the liquid
g = gravitational acceleration
h = height of the column supported
Why use mercury?

Learning Check: Pressure Units

Convert 675 mm Hg to atm
Start: 675 mm Hg
Target: atm
Conversion factor?
760 mm Hg = 1 atm
1 atm
675 mm Hg
= 0.888 atm
760 mm Hg
Your Turn!
Gas pressure is measured using a mercury barometer.
The height of fluid in the barometer is 23.7 in Hg.
What is this pressure in atm?
A. 23.7 atm
B. 0.792 atm
C. 602 atm
D. 1.61 atm
E. None of these
Atmospheric Pressure
Is the result of the collisions
of the air in the atmosphere
with the objects they contact
Why is the pressure less in
the mountains than at sea
level?
Air density is greater at sea
level, hence there are more
collisions.
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Learning Check
Under water, the pressure is increased. Why?
Because the weight of the air is added to the
weight of the water, increasing the force acting on
objects
This is why deep sea exploration requires a
submarine: our bodies cannot handle the extreme
pressures at great depths
10
Open-end Manometer
11
Closedend Manometer
12
Your Turn!
A gas is measured in a manometer manifold. The
level of Hg is 12.2 cm lower on the side of the gas
than on the atmosphere side. The atmospheric
pressure is measured as 755 mm Hg. What is the
pressure of the gas?
A. 767 mm Hg
B. 633 mm Hg
C. 743 mm Hg
D. 12.2 mm Hg
E. None of these 877 mm Hg
13
Proportionality
Direct proportionality means that 2 variables are:
Opposite the equality from one another
On the same level of the fraction on their respective
sides
Directly proportional variables follow each otherwhen one increases so does the other
i.e. P = F/A, or P/1=F/A.
Since P and F are both numerators, they are directly
proportional.
P and A, however, are inversely proportional
14
Learning Check
What happens to gas pressure when you raise the
temperature?
Force of Collisions
P
Area
If the container can expand In a rigid walled container

in response to the force
No change in pressure is
observed because the area
increased.
Pressure increases
because the faster moving
molecules hit the walls of
the container with greater
force
15
Learning Check
What happens to gas pressure when you increase the number
of molecules in the container?
Force of Collisions
P
Area
If a container can expand
No pressure change
is observed.
In a rigid walled container

Pressure increases
because more molecules
hit the walls of the
container, thus exert a
greater force on the
container
16
Your Turn!
Which of the following is likely to be true about a
balloon taken under water?
A. The balloon is compressed.
B. The balloon expands.
C. No change is observed.
D. Not enough information is known.
17
Boyles Law
P1
P2
1
P
or
V
V1
V2
Where P is pressure and V is

volume
Assumes: temperature and the
number of moles of gas are
constant
May be used to describe two
different conditions
Two gases in separate containers or
A sample of gas whose conditions
change
18
Charles Law
V1 V2
V T or
T1 T2
Where V is volume and T is absolute temperature

Assumes: the pressure of gas and the number of
moles of gas are constant
May be used to describe two different
conditions
Two gases in separate containers or
A sample of gas whose conditions change
19
Absolute Zero
Temperature of a gas at
which pressure and
volume are zero
It is not possible to
have a gas with a V = 0
Molecular volume
doesnt change but the
total volume decreases
Extrapolation is
necessary due to
condensation
20
Ideal Gases
Their behavior is predicted by the gas laws
There are no ideal gases
However, most gases behave ideally under most P and
T conditions
You need to know when they are not useful
21
Gay-Lussacs Law
P T
Gas pressure is directly
proportional to absolute
temperature
Assumes: the volume and
number of moles are
constant
This is why we dont heat
canned foods on a campfire
without opening them!
22
Combining This Information:

Boyles Law
1
P
V
Charles Law
T V
Gay-Lussacs Law
T P
Thus combining this information
T
P
V
And therefore, for any 2 conditions:

PV
P2V2
1 1
T1
T2
23
Your Turn!
Consider the following: 22.4 L of He at 25 C are
heated to 200. C. What is the resulting volume?
Which is best suited to solving the problem?
A. Boyles Law
B. Charles Law
C. Gay-Lussacs Law
D. None of these
24
Your Turn!
Which units must be used in all gas law
calculations?
A. K
B. atm
C. L
D. No specific units as long as they cancel
25
PV
P2V2
1 1
T1
T2
Combined Gas Law
Used for calculating the effects of changing conditions

Works if the temperature is in Kelvin, but P and V can
have any units so long as they cancel
Learning Check
If a sample of air occupies 500. mL at STP*, what is
the volume at 85 C and 560 torr?
760 torr 500. mL
273.15 K
560 torr V2
358 K
889 mL
*Standard Temperature (273.15 K) and Pressure (1 atm)
26
Learning Check
A sample of oxygen gas occupies 500.0 mL at 722
torr and 25 C. Calculate the temperature in C if
the gas has a volume of 2.53 L at 491 mm Hg.
PV
P2V2
1 1
T1
T2
722 torr 500.0 mL
491 torr 2530 mL
248 K
T2
T2 = 853 K
T2 = 580 C
27
Learning Check
A sample of helium gas occupies 500.0 mL at 1.21
atm. Calculate the volume of the gas if the pressure
is reduced to 491 torr.
PV
P2V2
1 1
T1
T2
1.21 atm 500.0 mL = 0.646 atm V2

936 mL
28
Your Turn!
A 22.4 L sample of He at 25 C are heated to 200 C,
what is the resulting volume?
A. 22.4 L
B. 179 L
C. 35.6 L
D. Not enough information given
29
Molar Volume
The volume of one mole of any gas at STP is 22.4 L
Identity of the gas doesnt matter
Molar mass of the gas doesnt matter
Corollary: Equal volumes of any gas contain the

same number of particles as long as the T and P are
the same
Gay Lussacs Law of Combining Volumes: For gas
phase reactions, we can use volume ratios in place of
mole ratios in stoichiometry problems
10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems
30
Avogadros Principle
V1
V2
V n or
n1
n2
V is volume and n is moles of gas
Assumes: the temperature and pressure
remain constant
Containers of equal volume under the
same conditions contain the same number
of particles
31
Learning Check
Calculate the volume of ammonia formed by the
reaction of 25 L of hydrogen with excess nitrogen.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
25 L H 2 2 L NH3
17 L NH3
1
3 L H2
32
Learning Check
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
If 125 L H2 react with 50 N2, what volume of NH3 can
be expected?
125 L H 2 2 L NH 3
83.3 L NH 3
1
3 L H2
50 L N 2 2 L NH3
100 L NH3
1
1 L N2
H2 is limiting reagent 83.3 L
33
Learning Check
How many liters of N2(g) at 1.00 atm and 25.0 C are
produced by the decomposition of 150. g of NaN3?
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
150. g NaN 3 1 mol NaN 3
3 mol N 2
3.46 mol N 2
1
65.02 g
2 mol NaN 3
3.46 mol N 2
22.4 L
1 mol at STP
1
V1 V2
VT
; V2 1 2
T1 T2
T1
V2
77.5 L 298 K
84.6 L
273 K
34
Your Turn!
According to the following gas phase reaction, what
volume of C would be required to react 23 L of B?
A + 5B + 3C 2D
A. 38 L
B. 14 L
C. 7.2 L
D. None of these
35
Bringing It Together
Avogadro: n directly proportional to V
Boyle: P indirectly proportional to V
Charles: T directly proportional to V
Gay-Lussac: T directly proportional to P
Combining these variables into one equation results in
the Ideal Gas Law.
R is the constant of proportionality (the ideal or universal
gas constant) its value is 0.082057 Latm/molK
PV = nRT
10.5 The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n
36
Ideal Gas Law

Used to describe a sample of gas under one set of
conditions
The units have to be:
P in atm
V in L
n in mol
T in K
PV = nRT
R = 0.082057 Latm/molK
37
Your Turn!
A 12.2 g sample of Ne are placed into a 5.0 L flask at
25 C. What is the pressure of the gas?
A. 3.0 atm
B. 60. atm
C. 0.25 atm
D. None of these
38
Case Study
A hard-boiled egg is placed over the opening of an
Erlenmeyer flask. What will happen to each gas law
variable when the flask is placed in a tub of liquid
nitrogen?
Your answer will be either increase, decrease or stay
constant.
a) Number of gas moles Stay constant
Decrease
b) Temperature
c) Volume of trapped gas Stay constant
d) Pressure of trapped gas Decrease
39
Gas Density
The number of moles may be related to both the mass
(g) of the gas sample and the molar mass of the gas
involved
Thus we may rewrite the Ideal Gas Law as
g
PV
RT
Molar Mass
Further, since d = m/V, we can rewrite the equation in

terms of density
g
P Molar Mass RT dRT
V
40
Learning Check
What is the molar mass of a gas with a density of 6.7 g/L
at -73 C and a pressure of 36.7 psi?
P Molar mass = d R T
6.7 g 0.0821 L atm
2.50 atm Molar Mass
200 K
L
mol K
44 g/mol = Molar Mass
41
Learning Check
What is the density of NO2 at 200 C and 600. torr?
P Molar mass = d R T
0.789 atm
46.01 g
0.0821 L atm
d
473 K
mol
mol K
0.935 g/L
42
Learning Check
Calculate the volume of 1.00 mol of gas at STP
PV = nRT
0.0821 L atm
1 atm V 1.00 mol
273 K
mol K
V = 22.4 L
43
Your Turn!
What is the density of Helium gas at 35 C and 1.2 atm?
A. 5.1 g/L
B. 0.19 g/L
C. 2.34 g/L
D. None of these
44
Learning Check
A sample of fluorine gas occupies 275 mL at 945
torr and 72 C. What is the mass of the sample?
PV = nRT
g
PV
RT
Molar mass
mol
0.0821 L atm
1.24 atm 0.275 L m
345 K
38.0 g
mol K
0.457 g = mass
45
Learning Check
Determine the molecular weight of a gas if 1.053 g of
the gas occupies a volume of 1.000 L at 25 C and 752
mm Hg (The Dumas Method).
PV = nRT
g
PV
RT
Molar mass
1.053 g
0.0821 L atm
0.989 atm 1.000 L
298 K
MM
mol K
26.0 g/mol = mass

46
Your Turn!
What is the molar mass of a sample of gas if 2.22 g
occupies a volume of 5.0 L a 35 C and 769 mm Hg?
A. 1.3 g/mol
B. 0.015 g/mol
C. 0.090 g/mol
D. None of these 11 g/mol
47
Daltons Law
The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure that the
gas would exert if it were in the container by itself
48
Collecting a Gas by Water Displacement

Collected gas pressure must be corrected for water vapor
Ptotal = Pgas + Pwater (see Table 10.2)
49
Learning Check
Pump 520 mm Hg N2 and 250 mm Hg O2 into an
empty gas cylinder. What is the overall pressure of
the mixture?
Pt = 520 mm Hg + 250 mm Hg = 770 mm Hg
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + .
50
Learning Check
A 32.5 mL sample of hydrogen gas is collected over
water at 25 C and 755 torr. What is the pressure of dry
hydrogen gas?
Look up vapor pressure for water: Pwater 25 C = 23.76
mm Hg
Correct Pt to find the Pdry gas:
755 torr - 23.76 torr = 731 torr
731 torr = Phydrogen
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + .
51
Mole Fraction, X
Each gas molecule contributes a
fraction of the total pressure
XA=the mole fraction of substance A
nA =the moles of component A
nt= the total number of moles of gas in
the mixture
XA
nA
nt
Application: The partial pressure

P A = X A Pt
contributed by the component gas
A is a fraction of the total pressure
52
Learning Check
What is the mole fraction of N2 in the atmosphere?
1.000 atm Air = 0.7808 atm N2+ 0.2095 atm O2+
0.0093 atm Ar + 0.00036 atm CO2
XA
nA
nt
0.781 = Xnitrogen
53
Learning Check
In a mixture of gases there are 5.0 g each of Ne, O 2 and H2.
What is the mole fraction of Ne? If the partial pressure of
Ne in this mix is 1.0 psi. what is the total pressure?
nneon = 0.248
nA
XA
nt
PNe
noxygen = 0.156 nhydrogen = 2.480

0.248
XNe
2.88
X Ne Ptotal
0.0861 = XNe
1.0 psi
0.0861 =
Ptotal
Ptotal = 12 psi
54
Learning Check
PTV = nTRT
For a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum

of the contributions of all gases. In a mixture
containing 5.0 g each of Ne, O2 and H2, what is the
total pressure (in atm) at 50.0 C in a 2.5 L vessel?
nNe= 0.248 mol noxygen= 0.156 mol
PTV=nTRT
n = 2.88
nhydrogen= 2.48 mol
n RT
Pt = t
2.88 mol 0.0821 L atm
mol-1 K-1
323 K
2.5 L
Pt = 31 atm
55
Your Turn!
At 45 C, 5.0 g each of He and of Ne are placed into
5.0 L flask. What is the total pressure?
A. 7.8 atm
B. 1.1 atm
C. 52 atm
D. None of these
56
Diffusion vs. Effusion

When the
partition is
removed, blue
molecules
diffuse to mix
The molecules
effuse through a
pinhole into a
vacuum
10.7 Effusion and diffusion in gases leads to Grahams Law
57
Grahams Law of Effusion

Relates the velocity (rate at which the gas moves
through a given space) to the molecular mass of
the gas.
The greater the molecular mass of the gas, the
slower its velocity.
Effusion rate of B
Molar mass of A
=
Effusion rate of A
Molar mass of B
58
Your Turn!
The average kinetic energy of all gas molecules is the
same at the same temperature. Compared to lighter
atoms at the same temperature, heavier atoms on
average:
A. Move faster
B. Move slower
C. Move at the same average velocity
59
Your Turn!
Three balloons are filled with equal volumes of the
gases: CH4, H2, and He. After 5 hours the balloons
look like the picture.
Is this effusion or diffusion?
A. Diffusion
B. Effusion
Which is the He balloon?
60
Learning Check
If it is observed that Br2 effuses at a rate of 5 cm s-1, if a
sample of an unknown gas travels at half the speed,
what is the molecular mass of the unknown gas?
Effusion rate of Br2
Effusion rate of X
Molar mass X
Molar mass Br2
2
Effusion rate of Br2

Effusion rate of X Molar mass Br2 Molar mass X
5.0 cm s-1
159.80 g
Molar mass X
-1
mol
2.5 cm s
MM = 640 g/mol
61
Learning Check
A glass tube is 1.0 m long. A sample of NH3 gas is
introduced into one end of the tube at the same time
that HCl is introduced into the other. Where the gases
meet, they form a ring of crystalline NH4Cl. Where
does the ring form inside the tube?
NH3
HCl
x = distance traveled by NH3;

(1 - x) = distance by HCl
x time-1
(1 x) time-1
x
1.463
1 x
36.461 g/mol HCl

17.034 g/mol NH3
x = 0.594 m from the NH3 end
62
Your Turn!
Which flask has molecules that
are moving faster?
A. CO2
B. He
C. Neither
Which flask has molecules that

have a greater average kinetic
energy?
A. CO2
B. He
C. Neither
CO2
25 C
1 atm
50 L
He
25 C
2 atm
50 L
63
Your Turn!
Which flask has more molecules?
A.
B.
C.
CO2
He
Neither
CO2
He
25 C
25 C
1 atm
2 atm
50 L
50 L
64
Your Turn!
What is the molar mass of X if it travels 7.0 times
more slowly than Xe at the same temperature?
A. 919 g/mol
B. 6,400 g/mol
C. 18.7 g/mol
D. Not enough information given
65
Kinetic Molecular Theory Explains Gas

Behaviors
Gases consists of an extremely large number of very
tiny particles that:
Are in constant, random motion
Occupy a negligible portion of the total volume of the
sample-their individual contribution may be ignored
Collide elastically with themselves and the walls of the
container
Move in straight lines between collisions, neither
attracting nor repelling each other
66
Kinetic Molecular Theory - Irregularities

The volume of a gas molecule is negligible
NO! Under conditions of extremely high pressure,
gases are closer, their relative size is a factor
Gas molecules collide elastically

NO! Under conditions of extremely low temperatures,
gases move more slowly and intermolecular attractions
are more significant
67
Real Gases
an 2
( P 2 )(V nb) nRT
V
van der Waals equation

accounts for deviations from
ideal behavior by removing 2
assumptions:
Particle volume is negligible
Particles do not interact
van der Waals constants, a and

b, are specific to the substance
10.9 Real gases dont obey the ideal gas law perfectly
68
van der Waals Constants

TABLE 10.3
Substance
a
(L atm mol2)
2
b
(L mol1)
Noble gases
Substance
a
(L atm mol2)
2
b
(L mol1)
Other Gases
He
0.03421
0.02370
H2
0.02444
0.02661
Ne
0.2107
0.01709
O2
1.360
0.03183
Ar
1.345
0.03219
N2
1.390
0.03913
Kr
2.318
0.03978
CH4
2.253
0.04278
Xe
4.194
0.05105
CO2
3.592
0.04267
NH3
4.170
0.03707
H2O
5.464
0.03049
C2H5OH
12.02
0.08407
10.9 Real gases dont obey the ideal gas law perfectly
69

Chapter 10 Properties of Gases

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Chapter 10

Brady and Senese

What is the volume of the gas in the balloon?

Why do bubbles rise in liquids?

Why does a hot air balloon rise?

10.1 Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the molecular level

How Does a Molecular Model Explain This?

Gases have low density and are

Gases are easy to expand

10.1 Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the molecular level

Measured with a barometer

Why use mercury?

Learning Check: Pressure Units

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases

10.2 Pressure is a measured property of gases

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

If the container can expand In a rigid walled container

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

In a rigid walled container

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

Where P is pressure and V is

Where V is volume and T is absolute temperature

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

Combining This Information:

Thus combining this information

And therefore, for any 2 conditions:

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

Combined Gas Law

Used for calculating the effects of changing conditions

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

1.21 atm 500.0 mL = 0.646 atm V2

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

10.3 The gas laws summarize experimental observations

Corollary: Equal volumes of any gas contain the

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems

H2 is limiting reagent 83.3 L

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems

10.4 Gas volumes can be used in solving stoichiometry problems

Ideal Gas Law

Further, since d = m/V, we can rewrite the equation in

44 g/mol = Molar Mass

26.0 g/mol = mass

10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure

Collecting a Gas by Water Displacement

10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure

Pt = 520 mm Hg + 250 mm Hg = 770 mm Hg

Application: The partial pressure

10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure

10.6 In a mixture each gas exerts its own partial pressure

noxygen = 0.156 nhydrogen = 2.480

For a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum

nhydrogen= 2.48 mol