Wireless

Communication

Istanbul
University

Notes 2
Assoc. Prof. Hakan DOAN
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Digital Communication System

Source of
Information

Source
Encoder

Channel
Encoder

Digital
Modulator

Modulator

RF-Stage

Channel

Information
Sink

Source
Decoder

Channel
Decoder

Digital
Demodulator

Demodulator

RF-Stage

Sampling - the conversion of a signal from continuous to

discrete in time
Quantization - the conversion of the signal samples from
continuous to discrete in amplitude

Sampling

Quantization

Coding

Source Coding
In computer science and information theory, data compression or source
coding is the process of encoding information using fewer bits (or other
information-bearing units) than an uncoded representation would use, through
use of specific encoding schemes.
Huffman Coding
Channel Coding
Channel coding introduces redundancy into the data flow in order to allow the
detection or even the correction of bit errors introduced during the
transmission.

Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ), also known as Automatic Repeat Query,

is an error-control method for data transmission that uses acknowledgements
(messages sent by the receiver indicating that it has correctly received a data
frame or packet) and timeouts (specified periods of time allowed to elapse
before an acknowledgment is to be received) to achieve reliable data
transmission over an unreliable service. If the sender does not receive an
acknowledgment before the timeout, it usually re-transmits the frame/packet
until the sender receives an acknowledgment or exceeds a predefined number
of re-transmissions.

Forward error correction (FEC) is a system of error control for data

transmission, whereby the sender adds (carefully selected) redundant data to its
messages, also known as an error-correcting code. This allows the receiver to
detect and correct errors (within some bound) without the need to ask the
sender for additional data.

Quadrature Notation

Modulation

where x(t) and y(t) are real-valued baseband signals called the in-phase
and quadrature components of s(t)
Complex Envelope Notation

2
where is

the complex envelope of s(t).

Magnitude and Phase

FSK- Frequency shift keying: Information is transmitted by shifting

between two frequencies to represent zeroes and ones.
ASK- Amplitude shift keying: The amplitude of a carrier is shifted
between two states to represent zeroes and ones.
PSKPhase shift keying: The phase of a carrier is varied between
two states to represent zeroes and ones.

Digital Modulations Review

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a type of phase modulation using 2 distinct
carrier phases to signal ones and zeros. BPSK is the simplest form of PSK. It
uses two phases which are separated by 180 and so can also be termed 2-PSK.
This modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it takes serious
distortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision. It is, however,
only able to modulate at 1bit/symbol

S1 t Ac .sin(2 f c t)

S2 t Ac .sin(2 f c t+ )

0 t Ts

0 t Ts

BPSK

Ac .sin (2 f c t+ )
T

2
Ac
Ts
2
Es1 S1 (t )dt
2
0

Eav

Es2 Es1
2

Es2 Es1
Please note that cos could also be employed.

2 Eav
s1 (t ) Ac sin(2 f ct )
sin(2 f ct )
Ts
2 Eav
s2 (t ) Ac sin(2 f c t )
sin(2 f ct )
Ts

Signal in Time Domain

2 Eav
sn (t )
sin(2 f ct ( n 1) ),
Ts

n 1, 2

2
(t )
sin(2 f ct )
Ts

s1 (t ) Eav (t )

Basis Function

s2 (t ) Eav (t )

Receiver Design based on transmitted signals

Receiver Design is simplified by the usage of basis

functions.

Receiver Design based on basis functions

(Reduced Complexity)

BPSK Demodulator
Ts

t0

(t )

2
sin(2 f ct )
Ts

()

Desicion

Amplitude and phase can be modulated simultaneously

and separately to convey more information than either
method alone, but is
difficult to do
An easier way is to separate the original signal into a
set of independent components or channels: I (In-phase)
and Q (Quadrature)
The I and Q components are considered orthogonal or
in quadrature because they are separated by 90 degrees
The I and Q components are summed in a modulator
circuit

QPSK (4 PSK)

2 Eav

sn (t )
cos(2 f ct (2n 1) ),
Ts
4

1 (t )

2
cos(2 f ct )
Ts

2 (t )

n 1, 2,3, 4

2
sin(2 f ct )
Ts

8 PSK

16 PSK

It is seen that higher-order modulations exhibit higher error-rates; in exchange however they
deliver a higher raw data-rate.

16 QAM

As it can be seen, 16QAM requires only arond 19dB while 16PSK requires
around 23dB of at a symbol error rate of .
16QAM -- better noise performance
16 QAM has a greater distance between adjacent points in the I - Q plane and
this improves its noise immunity. As a result it can achieve the same data rate at
a lower signal level.
This means that the demodulator must detect both phase and amplitude. Also
the fact that the amplitude varies means that a linear amplifier is required to
amplify the signal.

PSK has a constant envelope, which reduces the complexity of your

transmitter's circuitry (especially in terms of amplifier design).
The vast majority of satellite systems employ a method of phase modulation,
known as PSK