Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Carlos Di Palma
cdipalma@tranelsa.com
>>It must be a design that will be done between the area of the
communication systems and the area of high voltage lines<<
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FAILURE
ENERGETIC SOLICITATION
FACTORS OF INFLUENCE
MODELING AND SIMULATION
RESULTS
MAIN FACTORS
COMPARING CASES
FAILURE
The situation presented to the lightning strike on one of the ground wires, resulting
finally in a single-phase fault between a phase and structure of the tower.
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FAILURE
Tower model
Icc(t)
SE
is indicated in (kA2s).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
10
12
13
Benchmark
The benchmark corresponds to the situation presented to the lightning strike on one of the
ground wires, resulting finally in a single-phase fault between a phase and structure of
the tower. The assumption applied in this failure is that being applied phase fault near
the tower there is direct contact with the ground line.
In each simulation case are determined the total current single phase fault, the current
through the parallel circuit of guard wires, the current through the companion ground
wire, the current conducted by the OPGW and finally the calculated I2t value. I2t value
obtained by simulation with the provided by the manufacturer of OPGW cable is then
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compared; accepting the OPGW cable if the simulated value is below the manufacturer's
specification limit
RESULTS
30
Icc
Ig
Iopgw
Igw
25
I (kArms)
20
15
10
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.15
Tiempo (s)
0.2
0.25
0.3
80
70
60
I t (kA s)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.15
Tiempo (s)
0.2
0.25
0.3
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RESULTS
Case OPGW + GW of AG
Distance Time of
Icc
Ig
Igw
Iopgw
(km)
failure (s) (kArms) (kArms) (kArms) (kArms)
0.4
0.25
21.939 (1) 20.286 (1) 4.926 (1) 16.482 (1)
3.2
0.25
19.721
15.482
3.625
12.751
I2t
(kA2s)
77.0 (2)
43.0
Ig
(kArms)
20.450
16.077
Igw
(kArms)
8.283
6.471
Iopgw
(kArms)
12.810
10.165
The following Table I shows the case of one phase failure, with conventional guard wire..
(1) Valores ilustrados en Figura 2
(2) Valor ilustrado en Figura 3
In the following Table 2 is showed the case of one phase failure, with guard wire of Alumoweld
I2t
(kA2s)
47.0
28.0
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ANSWER:
*THE BEST WAY TO ENSURE AND MAINTAIN THE QUALITY OF THE OPGW CABLES IS
BY THE INSTALLATION OF A SYSTEM FOR THE REMOTE MANAGEMENT OF THE
OPTICAL CABLES (ON REAL TIME) , ACCORDING TO ITU-T RECOMMENDATION
L.40, L.41
*THE CIGRE SCD2-COLLOQUIUM DEVELOPED IN 2011 HAS A DETAILED TECHNICAL
PAPER ABOUT THIS TOPIC (D2-01-A07)
ANSWERS:
*TO UNDERESTIMATE THE ELECTRICAL ASPECTS AS WELL AS THE MECHANICAL
ONES, CAN AFFECT SERIOUSLY THE USEFUL LIFE PERIOD OF THE OPTICAL CABLE
(FROM EXPECTED 25 YEARS, TO AN EFFECTIVE 10 YEARS)
*CONSEQUENTLY, THE TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES CAN BE AFFECTED IN AN
IMPORTANT MANNER (MAINLY FOR FUNCTIONS OF MISSION CRITICAL)
*THIS IS A REASON WHY IS SO IMPORTANT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT ALL ASPECTS IN
ALL THE STAGES OF THE PROJECT OF AN OPTICAL CABLE SYSTEM: DESIGN
CRITERIA, DETAILED ENGINEERING, FACTORY TESTS, INSTALLATION PROCEDURES,
FIELD TESTS, COMMISSIONING TASKS
*IT IS FUNDAMENTAL THAT THE SOLUTION TO BE IMPLEMENTED SHOULD BE
CONSIDERED AS "A WHOLE" (OPTICAL CABLE + MOUNTING ACCESSORIES)
Single mode optical fibres with zero water peak (SM-ZWP) according with ITU-T
G.652D so as to get the maximum use of the wavelength spectrum
Paying special attention about:
*variation of the attenuation coeficient with the temperature (lower than zero C)
*variation of the attenuation coeficient with the mechanical tensile (during the
mounting process as well as during the permanent installation)
Quality of fibres so as to assure a low attenuation coeficient (order of 0,19dB/km
@ 1550nm during the factory tests)
Quality of fibres by ensuring a good bend insensitive performance:
*low sensitivity for bending, according to G.657.A2 and G.657.B2 (that are
compatibles with G.652D)
*bending radius up to 7,5 mm (in comparison with the 30mm bending radius of
the G.652 standard)
*very low losses (from 0,75 to 0,03 dB) for bending situations in : 1550nm
*very low losses due to splices (order of 0,05 dB/splice)
Previsions for extrinsic factors that can affect the refractive index as well as the
critical angle of the light beam. That can produce the diffraction of the light into the
area of the fibre and goes it through the covering.
The main factors are:
*macrobending: precautions to be taken during the mounting and installation
process
*microbending: precautions to be taken about the pressure on the optical fibres
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Previsions must be taken during the splicing process along the installation of the
OPGW, according the following criteria (minimum):
*fussion splices must be done with high quality instrumentation and automatic
centering of the nucleuos of the fibres
*tasks execution must be protected environmentally (free of humidity,
pollution, dust, etc)
*tasks must be done by people who are certified by the manufacturer of the
optical cable
*using the guide of procedures that must be provided by the manufacturer of
the optical cable and/or the manufacturer of the box splices
*doing a sistematic measures of the optical cables along the splicing steps
(step by step measurements)
*using splicing boxes including silica gel bags (high absorption of humidity)
*using splicing boxes with multiple cassettes in order to separate the fibres in
several working areas, as well as to add a separate buffer cassette (in order
to avoid the stretch of fibres)
*using a correct and precise method for fastening the optical cable and their
fibres in the splicing boxes, in order to avoid movements of fibres during
galloping effects, streching process, winds, ice release, etc
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AA) The failure process in a conventional guard wire (AG) will be evidenced by the cut
and fall of the guard wire: >> that implies a critical failure <<
Meanwhile the failure process in a OPGW cable will begin to be evidenced gradually
by factors as:
*increasing the losses in the optical fibres
*deformation and stretching of the fibres
*moisture ingress in the splicing boxes and/or in the optical cable
BB) It is possible to do an early diagnosis by detecting:
*deterioration of the bit error rate (BER) in the data transmission
*remote monitoring of the optical cable and/or their fibres
*measurements periodically made in order to contrast with the original
results that were obtained (commissioning tasks)
CC) Failures in the optical fibres should be a consequence of:
*Excessive strain effort
*Bending radius that will be exceded (in the optical cables and/or their fibres)
*Torsin of cable
*Defecting splicing boxes (moisture ingress)
*Defective splices, artificial microbending, etc
*Excesive pressure on the optical cable
*Others
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Carlos Di Palma
cdipalma@tranelsa.com