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Physics
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The study of
matter
Chapter 2:
Electricity

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Physics: Chapter
2

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Objectives:

(what you will learn)

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1)
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electric fields & charge flow

electric current & potential

difference
2)
3)

series & parallel circuits

electromotive force & internal

resistance
4)

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5)

electrical energy & power

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Electric Fields
Electric field: region where a charged body
experiences a force
It is shown by a field pattern that are lines of
forces.

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line of force = path of a test charge in the

field
field
direction = motionelectric
of a free
positive charge
pattern

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Positive point

Negative point

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Electric Fields
Electric lines of
force
Between a
positive and a
negative point
charge
Between two
positive point
charges

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Electric Fields
Electric field between
two parallel metal
plates that are
oppositely charged.

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Electric field
between two

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Electric Fields

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Experiments to show existence of electric

fields.
Ball coated with conductor
+

hangs vertically in the

centre because it is neutral.
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Positive ions
Negative
ions

+
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Ball oscillating between 2

plates, after it touches one
side causing a force, F to
repel the ball due to like
charges.
Candle flame spreading
sideways between 2 plates
due to attraction between
oppositely charged ions and

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Electric Fields
Electric fields cause charges to move.
Net movement of charges = electric current

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In the late 1700s scientists chose the direction of

electric current to be the direction in which positive
charges move in an electric field. They did not know
that electrons and protons were the negative and
positive charge particles, and that the electron moved
much more easily.

In a copper wire, the outer electrons of the

copper atom move relative to the nucleus of
electrons
the atom.Current,
+
I

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So, the charge carriers (electrons) move in

the opposite direction to the current.

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Electric Charge
Basic unit of electric charge = Coulomb (C)
Charge of a proton or electron = 1.60 10-19
C

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A Coulomb of charge is a lot, at 6.25 x 1018

electrons most objects have charges in the C
-6
Electric
charge, Q = It
(10
C) range.

units Q in Coulomb, I in Ampere, t in

second
C=As

Electric current = Rate of flow of electric

charge
Q
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, t=
t
=
time

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Potential
Potential
difference (V) between 2
Difference

points in an electric field = work done

(W) in moving 1 coulomb of charge (Q)
between the W
2 points.
Work
V
=
done
Q
Charg
=
e

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Potential difference between 2

points
Moving 1 coulomb of
charge

Unit of potential difference:

J
Volt (V) =
=
C
-1

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Electric Current

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Ohms Law
The current (I) in a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference (V)
across the conductor if the temperature is
constant.
V
I
= constant

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Ohmic conductor
0
A conductor that obeys Ohms Law.
Switch

I
A

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Rheostat
Conductor
V

Circuit used to find the

relationship between
current I and potential
difference V for a

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Electric Current

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Non-ohmic conductor
A conductor that does not obey Ohms Law.
Examples

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Dilute sulphuric
acid

0
Filament
lamp

0
Junction
diode

A circuit element is non-ohmic if the graph

of current versus voltage is nonlinear.

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A filament lamp is a non-ohmic conductor

since its resistivity, like most materials,
varies with temperature. As the filament
gets hot, the resistance increases quickly.

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Resistance
The resistance, R of a conductor is defined
as the ratio of the potential difference V
across the conductor to the current I in the
conductor.
V
Resistance, R
I
=
The unit of resistance is the ohm ().
I

12

conducto
r

V
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Potential difference, V = IR

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Resistance

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Factors that affect the resistance of a

conductor:
a.
length of wire, l
b.
cross-sectional area, A
c.
type of material with resistivity, p
d.
temperature, T
Based on a constant temperature:
pl
Resistance, R
A
=

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R
T/oC

0
Metal

T/oC

Semi-conductor

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Series Circuit
When resistors are connected in
series:
a. Same current I is in all the
resistors

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V1 = difference,
b. Potential
IR1
V2 =
IR2
c. V = V1 + V2 + V3
V3 =
IR3
d. Effective
resistance,
R = R1 + R2 +

I
R1

R2

R3

V1

V2
V

V3

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Parallel Circuit
When resistors are connected in parallel:
a. Same potential differences across all
b. resistors,
Current inVthe resistors,

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I1

I2

I3

V
R1
V
R2
V
R3

c. I = I1 + I2 + I3

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d. Effective resistance,
1
1
1
1
+
=
+
R
R2
R3
R1

R1

I1

R2

I2

R3

I3

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Electromotive
Electromotive force
(e.m.f.), E
Force
Work done to drive a unit charge (1 C) around
circuit where the unit is

volt, V = J C-1
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Using a high resistance

voltmeter
Potential difference V < e.m.f. E
because work is done to drive a
charge through a cell with
internal Eresistance,
= V + Ir =r. I(R

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+ r)
E
R+r
=1
=
R
V

r
R

E = 1.5 V
r
I

V
R
V

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Electrical Energy
The potential difference V across a conductor
is the work done in moving a charge of 1 C
across the conductor. The work done is
transformed into heat which is dissipated
from the conductor.
Energy dissipated,
-1
From volt, V = J C
E
Charge,
=
Q
Energy dissipated, E = QV
= It
= IVt
= I2Rt

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E
=

V2t
R

substitution
s

Q
V = IR
I = V/R

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Electrical Power
Electrical power,
P=

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Energy
dissipated
Time, t

E = IVt

=
V = IR
substitutio
=
I = V/R
IV
ns
I2R V2
P
R
=
Power rating of an electrical appliance is
the power consumed by it when the stated
voltage is applied.
V2
Resistance of the appliance, R
P
=
1 unit of electrical energy consumed = 1 kW
= (1000 Js-1)(3600 s) = 3.6 x 106 J
h

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Cost of electrical energy = units x cost per

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Summary

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What you have learned:

< Back

1.

Electric fields & charge flow

2.

Electric current & potential

difference
Series & parallel circuits

3.
4.
5.

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Electromotive force & internal

resistance

Electrical energy & power

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