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ETH ER N ET B A S IC S
O bjectives
Define and describe Ethernet
Explain early Ethernet implementations
Describe ways to extend and enhance
Ethernet networks
Introduction
Networks did not exist when computers
was developed
Ethernet
H IS TO R IC A L/C O N C EP T
UAL
1979
Evolved into todays Ethernet
standards
Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
receiving computers
How to determine which computer
should use shared cable at what time
Topology
Hybrid star-bus
Hub at the center
Electronic repeater
Repeats the same signal out to the other
connected ports
Does not send signal back down the
originating port
Repeaters are not amplifiers
Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
TES T S P EC IFIC
Ethernet Fram es
Smaller pieces of data transmitted
between computers
Using frames addresses two networking
issues
Prevents any single machine from
(including Ethernet)
Start frame
Follows the preamble
One byte
MAC address
Unique identifying address for each node
Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
N ICs
Ethernet security vulnerability
Sniffers can order a NIC to run in
promiscuous mode
NIC processes all frames, not only those
intended for its MAC address
Sniffers have legitimate uses, but may also
be used unscrupulously
Data
Part of the frame that contains the payload
If an IP packet, packet contains extra
64 bytes
damaged in transit
Calculation used at the beginning and at
the end of transmission must give same
result
in use
Sends the frame when cable is free
Multiple access
All machines have equal access to the wire
Collision occurs if two machines send frame
simultaneously
Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense
Each NIC on the network
examines the wire before
sending a frame. If the
node detects traffic, it will
pause a random amount
of time and try again.
Multiple Access
All machines have
equal access to the
wire. Access to the
wire is on a firstcome, first-served
basis
Collision Detection
If two NICs transmit at
the same time, a
collision results. NICs
may listen to detect a
collision.
Collisions
When collision occurs
Both machines generate a random number
Bus Ethernet
Original Ethernet networks used a true
bus topology
Thicknet (10Base5)
Thinnet (10Base2)
The T connector enabled the bus to carry a
terminated
Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
10BaseT:Physicalvs.Logical
Over 99 percent of all networks use
10BaseT
Speed
10 Mbps
Signal Type
Baseband
A single signal
on the cable
Type of cable
Twisted Pair
10BaseT:U TP
Uses CAT 3 or higher
Two pairs of wires required (four-pair
the cable
Pins are numbered from one to eight
connector
A crimper is the tool used
correct crimping
Advantage of following an established
color code scheme
Ensures wires match up correctly at each
end
of the cable
not practical
Excessive collisions can easily bog down
Ethernet performance
Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
hub/node
Node limit: 1024 nodes per hub
Topology:
Star-bus topology: physical
star,
logical bus
Cable type: CAT3 or better UTP cabling
with
RJ-45 connectors
10BaseFL
Fiber-optic version
Increased maximum distance
Two kilometers between the hub and the
node
into
Multimode fiber-optic cables with ST or
SC connectors
Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
hub/node
Node limit:
Topology:
star,
Cable type:
with
M edia Converters
10BaseT and 10BaseFL have different
G eneralTips
Install additional hubs to connect
multiple LANs
Use a network bridge to connect two
Ethernet networks
Replace hubs with better devices to
reduce collisions
Coupler
Device with female connectors on both
ends
Used to connect a machine in a
location not planned for in original
network
Examples of coupler types
BNC couplers
UTP couplers
Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
port or
a crossover cable
Uplink ports
Connect two hubs using a straight-through
cable
Connecting H ubs
When connecting hubs:
You can only daisy-chain hubs
Take time to figure out the uplink ports
If you plug hubs in incorrectly, no damage
Crossover Cables
Another way to connect two hubs
Connect via two normal ports using one
crossover cable
Reverse sending and receiving pairs on
one end
One end crimped per TIA/EIA 568A
Second end crimped per TIA/EIA 568B
Bridge
Acts like a repeater or hub to connect
Sw itched Ethernet
network
flakiness