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Mole Concept
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Introducing the Mole
A mole is the number of atoms or molecules in 1 g
of hydrogen or 12 g of carbon.
The number 6 x 1023 is called one mole or
Avogadros constant in honour of Amedeo
Avogadro.
1 mole of atoms of any element will have a
mass equal to its relative atomic mass,
expressed in grams.
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Formulas
1. Mass of 1 mole of atoms = Ar in grams
Mass of the element in grams
2. Number of moles of atoms = Relative atomic mass, Ar
3. Mass of 1 mole of molecules = Mr in grams
Mass of the substance in grams
4. Number of moles of molecules = Relative molecular mass, Mr
5. Mass of substance containing 1 mole of particles = Molar mass
Actual mass of product obtained
6. Percentage yield = Theoretical mass of product obtainable
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Empirical Formula
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Molecular Formula
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Finding the Molecular Formula
Worked example 1
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Finding the Molecular Formula
Worked example 1
A hydrocarbon consists of 85.7% of carbon and 14.3% of hydrogen by mass.
(a) Find the empirical formula of the compound.
(b) If the molecular mass is 56, find the molecular formula.
Solution C
: H
(a)
85.7 : 14.3
85.7 : 14.3
12
1
7.14 : 14.3
7.14 7.14
1 : 2
The empirical formula is CH2.
(b) Let the molecular formula be (CH2)n.
Since the Mr is 56, (12 + 1x2)n = 56
14n = 56
n = 56 = 4
14
Hence the molecular formula is 4 x (CH2) = C4H8
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Formula of a compound
A pure compound has a fixed chemical composition;
hence it can be represented by a chemical formula.
For example, a molecule of water is made up of 2
atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen, and its
molecular formula is H2O.
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Finding the formula of a compound
Worked example 1
A compound of sodium contains the following percentage composition by mass:
32.4% of sodium, 22.6% of sulphur and 45.0% of oxygen. Find the formula of the
compound.
Solution
Na : S : O
Step 1: Write down the percentage:
32.4 : 22.6 : 45.0
Step 2: Divide each by the Ar:
32.4 : 22.6 : 45.0
(to get number of moles)
23
32
16
1.41 : 0.706 : 2.81
Step 3: Divide by the smallest number: 1.41 : 0.706 : 2.81
0.706 0.706 0.706
2
: 1 : 4
Step 4 : Write down the formula: Na2SO4
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Finding the formula of a compound
Worked example 2
A compound contains 1.2 g of carbon, 3.2 g of oxygen and 0.2g of
hydrogen. Find the formula of the compound.
Solution
C : O : H
Step 1: Write down the mass ratio:
Step 2: Divide each mass by the Ar:
1.2
1.2
12
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
: 3.2 : 0.2
: 3.2 : 0.2
16
1
: 0.2 : 0.2
: 0.2 : 0.2
0.1 0.1
: 2 : 2
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Finding the formula of a compound
Worked example 3
A compound contains 48.6% of carbon, 43.2% of oxygen, with
the remainder being hydrogen. Find the formula of the compound.
Solution
Step 1: Find the % of hydrogen:
C : O : H
48.6 : 43.2 : 8.2
48.6 : 43.2 : 8.2
12
16
1
4.05 : 2.7 : 8.2
4.05 : 2.7 : 8.2
2.7
2.7 2.7
1.5 : 1 : 3
3
: 2 : 6
C 3O2H6 (or C2H5COOH)
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Molar Volume of Gases
Avogadros Law states that equal volume of gases under
the same temperature and pressure contain the same
number of molecules.
Volume of 1 mole of gas = 24 dm3
Volume of gas = Number of moles x 24 dm3
Number of moles = Volume of gas in dm3
24 dm3
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Limiting Reactants
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(g)
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Quick check 1
Find the formula of each of the following:
1.
A compound containing 75% carbon and 25% hydrogen by mass.
2.
A compound containing 46.7% silicon and 53.3% oxygen by mass.
3.
A compound consisting of 43.4% sodium, 11.3% carbon and 45.3%
oxygen by mass.
4.
A compound consisting of 2.8 g of iron combined with 1.2 g of oxygen.
5.
(a) A compound containing 18.9% lithium,
64.9% oxygen and the rest carbon by mass.
(b) Give the name of this compound.
Solution
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Quick check 2
1.
2.
3.
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Solution to Quick check 1
1.
CH4
2.
SiO2
3.
Na2CO3
4.
Fe2O3
5.
(a) Li2CO3
(b) lithium carbonate
Return
Chapter 5
Mole Concept
Solution to Quick check 2
1.
2.
3.
Return