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American
psychologist
B.F.Skinner
Revolt against no
stimulus, no response
Called as operant conditioning as it
is based on certain operation the
organism has to carry out
Also called instrumental
conditioning as some action of the
learner is instrumental in bringing
about a change in the environment
For a response to happen the
presence of a stimulus is not
essential
Experiment
Skinner designed a special apparatus known as
Skinners box
He placed a hungry rat in the box
Pressing of a bar in the box to get food is the
desired response
The rat was rewarded for each of its proper
attempts for pressing the lever
The lever press response was rewarded and
whenever it repeated it was again rewarded and
finally rat learned the art of pressing the lever
Definition
Skinner designs operant conditioning as a process
in which the behaviour of an organism is an
emitted rather than elicited one and is
strengthened in the sense of becoming more likely
or frequent to occur, through reinforcement.
The basic law type R conditioning is that, if the
occurrence of an operant is followed by the
presentation of a reinforcing stimulus, the
strength of that operant is increased
Reinforcement
o
Types of Reinforcers
Schedules of Reinforcement
The term schedule of reinforcement refers to the
particular pattern according to which reinforcers
follow responses.
Continuous reinforcement schedule: reinforce
every correct response
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule: reward a
right response made only after an interval of
time.
Variable interval reinforcement schedule:
reinforcement is given at varying intervals of time
Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule: reinforcement
is given after a fixed number of response
Shaping
Classical Conditioning
It helps in the learning of
respondent behaviour
S conditioning as it
emphasize on stimulus
There is pairing of UCS and
CS
Operant Conditioning
It helps in the learning of
operant behaviour
R conditioning as it
emphasize on response
There is no pairing of UCS
and CS, but pairing of a
response and the
reinforcing stimulus which
follows
Reinforcement is provided
after the response is made
by the organism