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Kesetimbangan Fasa
Introduction
The understanding of phase diagrams for
alloy system is extremely important because
there is strong correlation between
microstructure and mechanical properties,
and the development of microstructure of an
alloy is related to the characteristics of its
phase diagram
In addition, phase diagram provide valuable
information about melting, casting,
crystallization and other phenomena
Konsep Fasa
Fasa berkaitan dengan keadaan materi yang
terpisah dan dapat diidentifikasi dari bagian
lainnya secara fisik dan dapat dipisahkan secara
mekanis.
Contoh:
Dalam suatu sistem : air dan es dalam gelas.
Dapat dibedakan fasa padat (es) dan fasa cair
(air).
Komponen yang ada hanya 1 yaitu air (H2O)
Phases:
the
room)
or
Phase
Any physically distinct,
chemically
homogeneous and
mechanically separable
portion of a substance
Can be continuous or
discontinuous
Can be solid, liquid or
gas
Can be a pure
substance or a solution
Deff :
Component : frequently used in
discussion; components represent pure
metals and/or compound of which an alloy
is composed
e.g ; copper-zinc brass; the component are
Cu and Zn
Solute and solvent; solvent represent the
element or compound that is present in the
greatest amount (also called; host atoms).
Solute is used to denote an element or
compound present in minor concentration
Deff :
System; which has two meanings:
system may refer to specific body of material under
consideration (e.g., a ladle of molten steel)
relate to the series of possible alloys consisting of the
same component, but without regard t alloy
composition (e.g., the iron-carbon system)
Components and
Phases
Components:
The elements or compounds that are mixed initially (Al and
Cu).
Phases:
A phase is a homogenous, physically distinct and
mechanically separable portion of the material with a
given chemical composition and structure ( and ).
AluminumCopper
Alloy
(lighter
phase)
(darker
phase)
15
Energy States
Unstable: falling or
rolling
equilibrium
It is useful to begin by defining a few of the terms that will
be frequently used.
- system
- phase
- component
The study of phase transformations, as the name suggest,
is concerned with how one or more phases in an alloy (the
system) change into a new phase or mixture phases.
For transformation that occur at constant temperature and
pressure the relative stability of a system is determined
by its Gibbs free energy (G)
G = H TS
H : enthalpy, T : absolute temperature, S : entropy
H = E + PV
Where E : internal energy of system
P : pressure
V : volume
The internal energy arises from the total kinetic
and potensial energy
Kinetic energy can arise from atomic vibration in
solid or liquid and from translational and
rotational energies for the atoms or molecules
within a liquid or gas
Potential energy arises from the interaction, or
bond between the atoms within the system
Thermodynamics
G for a reaction of the type:
2A + 3B =C +4D
G = (n G)products - (n G)reactants
= GC + 4GD - 2GA - 3GB
The side of the reaction with lower G will be more stable
Thermodynamics
For other temperatures and pressures we can use the equation:
dG = VdP - SdT
T2 P 2
T 1 P1
z
P2
P1
VdP
z
T2
SdT
T1
Gibbs free energy, equilibrium and chemical potential, Gibbs phase rule
Equilibrium : the most stable state defined by lowest possible G
dG = 0
metastable
E.g.
equilibrium
Metastable : Diamond
Equilibrium : Graphite
Chemical potential or partial molar free energy governs how the free energy
changes with respect to the addition/subtraction of atoms.
This is particularly important in alloy or binary systems.
(particle numbers will change)
Hukum-hukum termodinamika
Pengertian keseimbangan diberikan oleh hukumhukum termodinamika yang dinyatakan dalam
energi bebas Gibbs suatu sistem
n
G PV TS i X i
i 1
In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and
--a temperature (T ) and/or a Pressure (P)
then...
Phase B
Phase A
Nickel atom
Copper atom
Beberapa definisi
Fasa merupakan bagian dari sistem yang secara
fisis homogen dan dibatasi oleh permukaan yang
dapat dipisahkan dengan bagian lain dari sistem
Jumlah derajat kebebasan atau variasi adalah
jumlah dari variabel-variabel intensif (tekanan,
temperatur
dan
komposisi)
yang
dapat
dipertukarkan dengan bebas tanpa menimbulkan
fasa baru atau mengurangi fasa yang ada
Komponen adalah bilangan terkecil variabel yang
independen dimana konstituen kimia membentuk
komposisi fasa yang ada