CROPPING SYSTEM

Cropping system in organic farming Conventional

system
Multiple cropping (Tumpang Gilir) = plant more than
one crop on the same land in one year with the
purpose to get more yield from more than one crop
and from more than one time.
The purpose and benefit of multiple cropping:
a. harvest frequency, yield and farmer income can
be
increased
b. Decrease risk of failure
c. Decrease unemployment
d. Increase soil fertility
e. Minimun tillage
f. Control soil erosion

TYPES OF MULTIPLE CROPPING

Companion plant (tanaman

pendamping)

Mixed cropping (tanaman campuran)

Intercropping (Tumpang sari)

Crop rotation (rotasi tanaman)

Relay planting (tanaman sela)

The different between organic farming cropping system and

conventional cropping system
No Process

Conventional

Organic

Seed preparation

Seed come from genetic

engineering

Seed come from naturally crop

growth

Soil tillage

-Often used tractor

-Maximum tillage

Manual tillage

Nursery

Use chemical fertilizer &

pesticide

Without using chemical

fertilizer & pesticide

Planting

Mono culture

Multi culture
Crop rotation
Companion planting
Crop repellent
Relay planting
Green fertilizer
Bio pesticide

Irrigation

Use usual irrigation water

Use water that free from

chemical

No Process

Conventional

Organic

Fertilization

Use chemical fertilizer

Use organic fertilizer

Insect, pest and

weed control

Use chemical pesticide

Based on natural balance

Harvest and
post harvest

Contain residual
chemical
Use chemical post
harvest

Healthy food
Without use of chemical post
harvest

MIXED CROPPING

Combination of two or more crop in one land

Factor affecting mixed cropping:

Crop old

Crop morphology

Crop tolerant on light and shade

Nutrition demand

Root morphology

Companion planting

Long old crop combined with short old crop

High growth crops combined with short growth

crops

Shade tolerant crops combined with high growth

crops
- bean- celery
- bean lettuce
- sun flower-lettuce

Nutrition demand:
- heavy feeder: use Nitrogen very high (leafy
crops, cabbage, corn, lettuce).

- light feeder: carrot, radish

- soil builders: bean, peanut, soybean
Root morphology: bean-celery, bean-carrot, beanonion, carrot-lettuce, corn-potato, onion-cabbage

Group of crops based on nutrition demand

HEAVY FEEDERS
Asparagus
Broccoli

LIGHT FEEDERS
Carrot
Onion

SOIL BUILDERS
Alfalfa
Bean

Cabbage
Cauli flower
Celery

Garlic
Potato
Sweet potato

Peanut
Soybean

Corn

China cabbage

Lettuce
Spinach
Kangkung
Cucumber

CROP ROTATION
HISTORY:
Has been practiced in Britain, and Europe since many

centuries.

Eighteenth century: four course rotation:

Roots- barley-Seed-Wheat

Nineteenth century: six course rotation:

Roots-barley-seeds-potatoes-wheat-

oats
Now: two years leaf crops and two years of straw
crops

DEFINITIONS OF CROP ROTATION

is a traditional method used to cleanse, protect

and replenish the soil. It is a cycle of growing
different crops in the same area.

Ideally, these different crop are not related

botanically

Ideally, two successive crops do not make the

same demands on the soil for nutrients, nor do
they share diseases or insect pests.

Legumes will be alternated with non legumes

A longer rotation before the same crop is grown

again is better than a shorter rotation

Rotations are both spatial (crops move) and

temporal (time moves).

BENEFIT OF CROP ROTATION

Pest & disease management disrupts disease

life cycles and the build-up of insect populations.
These generally depend upon a specific host
plant family to live on and reproduce ex cabbage
maggot, carrot wireworm, brassica club-root,
potato root eelworm/nematode

Weed control different species germinate at

different times of the year, and the variation in
crop depth and surface area covered, as well as
bed treatments, can prevent weeds from getting
a hold.

Soil fertility & nutrient replacement - as the

nutrients in the soil are slowly released, each
plant uses them at a different rate, and with more
demanding plants or heavy feeders (ex corn) in
a crop rotation, the soil has time to build up its
nutrient store again.
This prevents soil
exhaustion,
otherwise
resulting
in
crop
starvation, reduced yield and as poor food value.

Pests are most easily kept in balance when the

soil grows different crops over a number of years

Plants of lower order of evolution (alfalfa, clover,

cabbage) have been shown to be better feeders
on less soluble nutrient sources than those of a
higher order of development (lettuce or
cucumber)

Rotations preserve and improve the soil structure

Rotation increase in soil nitrogen

Rotation increase bacterial activity

Rotation increase release of CO2

Rotation control of weeds, insects and disease

Typical Cycle within a Year

Spring Autumn Winter Summer
Leaf Root Legume
Fruit
eg cabbage eg beetroot eg lupin
eg cucumbers

A Recommended 4-Year Crop Rotation

Plot A Plot B Plot C Plot D
Year 1 Root Crops Legumes
Leafy Veges
Fruit
Year 2
Legumes Leafy Fruit
Root crops
Year 3 Leafy
Fruit Root crops Legumes
Year 4 Fruit Root Crops Legumes
Leafy

4 YEARS CROP ROTATION

A
B
D

C
CF
D
D

PLOT OF CROP ROTATION

Root Crops (carrot, potato, sweet potato)

Plot A

Legume (bean, soybean, peanut, green bean)

Plot B

Leavy Vegetables (Cabbage, Broccoli, lettuce etc)

Plot C

Fruit (corn, tomato, capsicum)

Plot D

CROP ROTATION BASED ON CROP

TAKEN

BEDENGAN

MUSIM TANAM

II

LEAF

FRUIT

ROOT

LEGUME

FRUIT

ROOT

LEGUME

LEAF

ROOT

LEGUME

LEAF

FRUIT

LEGUME LEAF

FRUIT

ROOT

5
6
7
8
dst

III

IV

TYPE OF MULTIPLE CROPPING

Inter-planting or Intercropping is the practice

of planting more than one crop together either in
blocks, rows or spaces. It uses all of the available
space in the garden at all times.

Catch-cropping is a small, quick maturing crop

among or alongside main crops which take longer
to develop. It is an aspect of inter-planting.
Some vegetables most effective for catchcropping are: lettuce, dwarf bean, cress,
mustard, chives, celeriac, radish, turnip, corn
salad, early carrots.

Companion Planting is a particular application

of inter-planting. The companion assists the main
crop in several ways ex. opening up the soil,
supporting growth, improving flavour, protecting
it from being attacked by pests because of its
fragrance or a substance it exudes. The benefit
are:
(a) attract or repel insects
(b) enhance the growth, health and flavour of
neighbouring plants ex. tomatoes, cabbages,
beetroot, carrots, parsley. Some plants release
oils and minerals into the soil (ex. marigolds,
beans, peas, lupins) which enhance the growth of
some plants and inhibit others ex. potatoes and
tomatoes as neighbour inhibit each others
growth, sunflowers inhibit most competitors, but
are fine with beans growing up them!

(C). Companion planting often have higher

harvests than monocultures because different
companion plantings often have fewer pest
problems than monocultures because pests have
a harder time finding suitable hosts, or because
different plantings provide better habitat for
natural enemies

(d) Companion planting is an important part of

pest management.

(e) Companion planting helps bring a balanced

eco-system to our landscape, allowing nature to
do its' job.

CROP PATTERNS

Legumes are generally beneficial preceding crops

The onions, lettuces and squashes are generally
beneficial preceding crops
Potato yields best after corn
Carrots, beets and cabbages are generally
detrimental to subsequent crops

Type of companion Plant

Peas, beans, and legumes trap nitrogen

from the air with nodes on their roots.
When these crops have finished producing
you can dig them into the soil so that the
nitrogen is available for the next crop.
being leafy vegetables, (cabbages,
broccoli,) require a lot of nitrogen to grow,
so that's why follow summer pea crops
with winter cabbages is a known best
practice because it can use this free
nitrogen source.

Most Popular Companion Plants

Basil: is grow better with Pepper, Tomato,
Marigold
Bush Beans: with Beets, Cabbage,
Carrots, Celery, Corn, Cucumbers,
Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish,
Strawberry, .
Pole Beans:Carrots, Corn Cucumber,
Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Savory,
Tansy Beets, Onion
Beets : Bush Beans, Cabbage, Onion,
Sage
Cabbage Family Bush Beans, Beets,
Celery, Onions, Tomato, All Strong Herbs,
Marigold, Nasturtium
Strawberry

Companion Planting Chart for Vegetables

Vegetable

Really likes to be with

Really dislikes to be with

Asparagus

Basil, Tomato, Nasturtium, Parsley

Onion, garlic, potato

Beans

Carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, cucumber,

marigold

Chives, leek, garlic

Broad Beans

Brassicas, carrot, celery, corn, lettuce,

potato

Fennel

Beets

Brassicas, lettuce, onion, sage

Bean (pole)

Broccoli

Celery, chamomile, dill, rosemary

Oregano, Strawberry

Brussel Sprouts

Potato, Thyme

Strawberry

Cabbage

Beetroot, potato, oregano, sage

Strawberry, tomato

Carrot

Bush beans, pole beans, lettuce, onion,

pea, radish, tomato

Chives, dill, parsnip

Cauliflower

Beans, celery, oregano

Nasturtium, peas, potato, strawberry,

tomato

Celery

Cabbage, leek, onion, spinach, tomato

Parsnip, potato

Corn

Bean, cucumber, melon, pea, pumpkin,

potato, radish

Tomato

Cucumber

Bean, celery, lettuce, pea, radish

Cauliflower, potato, basil

Eggplant

Bean, capsicum, potato, spinach

Leek

Carrot, celery, strawberry

Lettuce

Carrots, radishes, strawberry

Beans, beetroot, parsley

Melon

Corn, radish

Potato

Onion

Bean sprout, broccoli, cabbage,

lettuce, strawberry tomato

Bean, pea

Pea

Beans, Carrot, corn, cucumber,

radish

Onion family

Potato

Bean, corn, cabbage, pea,

eggplant

Cucumber, pumpkin, squash,

sunflower

Pumpkin

Corn

Potato

Spinach

Celery, cauliflower, eggplant

Tomato

Asparagus, celery, carrot, parsley,

marigold

Zucchini

Nasturtium

Corn, fennel, potato

Good neighbors companion planting

Main Crop
Beans

Companion crops
Fix nitrogen, plant with carrots, celery, corn, peas,
potatoes, brassicas, cucumbers

Broccoli

Cucumber, garlic, lettuce, onion, potato, tomato

Cabbage

Celery, onion, potatoes

Carrots

Lettuce, onions, tomatoes

Celery

Beans, cabbage family, leek, onion, spinach, tomatoes

Corn
Cucumber

Beans, cucumber, peanut, peas, potato, pumkin, soybean

Peas, carrots

Garlic

Cucumbers, peas, lettuce, celery

Leeks

Carrots, celery, onions

Lettuce

Broccoli, carrots, cucumbers, onions

Onions

Carrots, leeks, brassicas, tomatoes, lettuce

Main Crop
Peas

Companion crops
Carrots, celery, corn, cucumber, potato, radish,
spinach, tomatoes

Potato

Cabbage family, carrots, celery, corn, peas

Radish

Carrot, cucumber, lettuce, melon, peas, spinach

Spinach

Peas, beans, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, onion,

peas

Soybean

Corn

Sweet potato

Potatoes, beans

ORGANIC FARMING COMPONENTS

Land: free from chemical fertilizer &

pesticide pollution
- new agriculture land
- conversion land from conventional
Cultivation: - row planting
- crop rotation
- alley planting
- cover crop
- strip cropping
Marketing: trust from the consument
Miss perception: good performance
Certification: International is hard