Enviromental

Conservation

Water Pollution

World Water Supply

97.200% salt water in the oceans
02.014% ice caps and glaciers
00.600% groundwater
00.009% surface water
00.005% soil moisture
00.001% atmospheric moisture

Water Cycle

Water Pollution
Two major classifications
Point Source

Non-point
Source

Point Sources
Single large source
Can localize it to
one spot
-Industrial Plants

- Sewage pipes

Point Source - Example

LUST - Leaky Underground Storage

Tanks
22% of the 1.2 million UST are LUST

Non-point Sources
Diffuse source or many smaller
point sources
Automobiles
Fertilizer on fields

Water Pollution: Many Forms

Disease: In developing nations, 80% of
diseases are water-related.

Synthetic Organic Compounds

Inorganic Compounds & Mineral
Substances such as Acids
Radioactive substances
Oxygen-demanding wastes
Plant Nutrients
Sediments
Thermal Discharges

Examples of
Polluted
Waters

Stories about particular

pollutant forms: Oil
Both Point and Nonpoint Sources
Largest source of oil pollution is
pipeline leaks and runoff
61% ocean oil pollution river & urban
runoff
30% intentional discharges from tankers
5% accidental spills
from tankers

Environmental Impacts
Impacts of feral tilapia on native
fishes
Eutrophication - effluents
contributing to nutrient enrichment
Drug residues
Processing plant wastes

Feral Tilapia
Impacts of feral tilapia on native
fishes
Tilapia are pioneer species, they
thrive in disturbed habitats
Often introduced into areas that have
severe environmental damage where
natives are already at risk

Feral Tilapia
Tilapia have been introduced into 90
countries
Many imported for weed or insect
control
Tilapia populations have escaped and
fish have thrived in the wild
Compete for food, nesting spots and
other resources

Feral Tilapia
Colorado River case
Dams - diversion of water, remove
flood danger
Natives were adapted to survive
during flood events, flows changed
algae and invertebrate communities
Tilapia constitute 90% of the rivers
biomass

Use red skin varieties of

tilapia
Red tilapia are
easier to find if
escaped
Survival is low
in the wild
Predation is
high from birds,
fish, humans

Effluents
Tilapia wastes rich in nitrogen,
phosphorus, dissolved organic matter
Increases Biological Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
Increases dissolved carbon dioxide
Nutrient enrichment and increased
BOD contributes to eutrophication

Effluents
Pond effluents can pollute receiving
streams
Raceway and tank systems have
concentrated wastes from filters
Cages contribute waste load to lake
Salt water culture can impact reefs or
other marine ecosystems

mariculture

Solutions to eutrophication
Use wastewater
to irrigate field
crops
Good source of
nitrogen,
phosphorus and
organic matter

Degradation of terrestial
Deforestation
Soil erosion and
desertification

Deforestation

 Can be define as - clearance of

forests byloggingand/or burning
(popularly known as slash and burn)
Causes:
includingcorruption
of
government
institutions,theinequitable
distribution of wealth and power,
population
growth
andoverpopulation andurbanization

Effect
Atmospheric global warming,
greenhouse effect, haze,
Hydrological dry climate trees
can`t evaporate water molecule
Soil land slide , erosion runoff
Ecological decline biodiversity,
habitat destruction,

Soil erosion

 process ofweathering and transport

of solids (sediment,soil,rock and other
particles) in the natural environment or
their source and deposits them elsewhere
Major cause of soil degradation
Causes the amount and intensity
ofprecipitation,
the
average
temperature, and seasonality, the wind
speed, storm frequency.

effects

How to control?
Contour tillage
Planting rows of
trees as
windbreakers,
tracing hillside
crops and
cultivating in a
contour pattern

Desertification

 The United Nations Convention to

Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
defines desertification as 'land
degradation in arid, semi-arid and
dry sub-humid areas, resulting from
various factors, including climate
variation and human activities

Causes
overgrazing,
over-cultivation,
increased fire frequency, water
impoundment,
deforestation,
overdrafting
of
groundwater,
increased soil salinity and global
climate change

Solution
Trees

are planted
instead of sand
fences to reduce
sand accumulating.