CHAPTER V

Techniques For Repair

And Repair Of Structures

This section includes:

Introduction
Guniting
Shortcreting
Repair for cracks
Shoring and underpinning
Repairs to overcome low member
strength

Introduction:
The success of repair activity depends on the
identification of the root cause of the deterioration of
the concrete structures.
If this cause is properly identified, satisfactory
repairs can be done for the improvement of strength
and durability, thus extending the life of the structure,
is not difficult to achieve.

General procedure in the repair of distressed

concrete structure:
Support the structural members properly as required.
Remove all cracked, spalled and loose concrete.
Clean the exposed concrete surfaces and steel reinforcement.
Provide additional reinforcing bars, if the loss in reinforcement
is more than 10%
Apply shortcreting/polymer concrete for patch repair work and
grouting for porous/honeycombed concrete.
Apply protective coatings over the exposed/repaired surface.

Gunite &
Shortcrete

Guniting
Guniting is mechanically applied material consisting of
cement, aggregates and water.
The cement and sand are batched and mixed in the usual way
and conveyed through a hose pipe with the help of compressed air.
A separate pipe line brings water under pressure and the water
and cement aggregate mix are passed through and intimately
mixed in a special manifold and then projected at high velocity to
the surface being repaired.

In good quality work, a density around 2100kg/m3

is achieved. For effective guniting, the nozzle should
be kept at 60cm to 150cm from the work normal to the
surface.
Before guniting is applied, the old concrete surface is
prepared properly, all the cracks treated and the new
reinforcement fixed in position.
Cracks wider than about 0.5 mm should be cut out
and filled with hand-applied mortar or with gunite.

Shortcreting
Shortcrete is defined as mortar or concrete pneumatically projected at high speed
onto a surface.
Types of shorcrete:
i) Dry mix
ii) Wet mix
Dry mix:
Dry cement, sand and coarse aggregate are premixed with only sufficient water to
reduce dusting.
ii)

Wet mix:
The cement, sand and coarse aggregate are mixed with water and the resulting

concrete is then pumped to the nozzle where compressed air propels the wet mixture

Applications :
Shortcrete has been used to repair :
canal and spillway linings and walls
the faces of dams, tunnel linings
highway bridges and tunnels
deteriorating natural rock walls and
earthen slopes
to thicken and strengthen existing concrete surfaces

REPAIR FOR CRACKS

Repair for cracks:

i) Stitching
ii) Routing and sealing
iii) Resin injection
iv) Dry packing
v) Polymer impregnation
vi) Vacuum impregnation
vii) Autogenous healing
viii) Flexible sealing
ix) Drilling and plugging
x) Bandaging

STITCHING

In this technique, the crack is bridged with U-shaped metal units

called stitching dogs before being repaired with a rigid resin

material.

A non- shrink grout or an epoxy resin based adhesive should be

used to anchor the legs of the dogs.

Stitching is suitable when tensile strength must be

re established across major cracks.

Stitching dogs should be of variable length and orientation.

BENEFITS OF CRACKED STITCHING

Quick, simple, effective and permanent.
The grout combination provides an excellent bond within the

substrate.
Masonry remains flexible enough to accommodate natural

building movement.
Non-disruptive structural stabilization with no additional

stress

ROUTING AND SEALING

This is the simplest and most common method of crack

repair.

It can be executed with relatively unskilled labor and can be

used to seal both fine pattern cracks and larger isolated cracks.

This involves enlarging the crack along its exposed face and
sealing it with crack fillers.

Care should be taken to ensure that the entire crack is routed

and sealed.

RESIN INJECTION

Epoxy resins are usually selected for crack injection

because of their high mechanical strength and resistance
to most chemical environments encountered by concrete.

Epoxies are rigid and not suitable for active cracks.

This method is used to restore structural soundness of

members where cracks are dormant or can be prevented
from further movements.

SHORING

INTRODUCTION
Definition
It is the method of providing temporary support (shores) to an

unsafe structure.

Types of Shoring
Horizontal shoring or flying shoring
Vertical shoring or dead shoring
Inclined Shoring or flying shoring

Horizontal shoring
It consists of
Horizontal beam or strut
Wall plates
Cleats
Straining beams

Used to support two adjacent buildings.

Horizontal shoring

Single Flying Shoring

Double Flying Shoring

Vertical shoring
It consists of
Dead shores
Sole plates
Needles
Props
Used for rebuilding of walls.

Vertical shoring

Dead or Vertical Shoring

Inclined Shoring
It consists of
Rackers
Needles
Cleats
Braces
Sole plate
Used to strengthen a wall.

Inclined or Raking Shoring (unsymmetrical)

UNDERPINNING

DEFINITION

Underpinning is the process of strengthening and

stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or
other structure

Foundation underpinning is a means of transferring

loads to deeper soils or bedrock.

PURPOSE OF UNDERPINNING

To obtain additional foundation capacity

To modify the existing foundation system

To create new foundations through which the existing load may

be wholly or partially transferred into deeper soil

To arrest the excessive settlement

To improve the future performance of the existing foundations

WHEN UNDERPINING IS REQUIRED?

Underpinning is required when:
Construction of a new project with deeper foundation adjacent to an existing
building.
Change in the use of structure
The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may have changed or was
mischaracterized during planning.
To support a structure which is sinking or tilting due to ground subsidence or
instability of the super structure

METHODS USED FOR UNDERPINNING

Pit Underpinning
Push Piers System
Helical Pier System
Pile Underpinning
Other Methods
Chemical Grouting
Microfine Grouting
Micropiles

PIT UNDERPINNING

HELICAL PIER SYSTEM

Damaged Foundation

Repaired Foundation

42

DEFLECTION

DEFLECTION
Equations for calculating Dinst for common cases

DAMAGE DUE TO FIRE

Fire Damage Repairs

Timber structures may be repaired with new timbers or

composites of steel and timber members

Steel structures are normally repaired with steel.
Both concrete and masonry structural elements are

frequently repaired with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP).

Concrete structures are occasionally repaired with

shortcrete.

Repair of leakage structure

CASE STUDIES

1. Case study of using complex reinforced structure to

repair mountain road landslide in Taiwan

Steep collapsed interface like planar sliding

damage

After construction

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