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Rappel Chapitre 2
DOPAMINE
NORADRENALINE
H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
GLU synthtis partir de glutamine (autre AA capt par les neurones) OU par
transamination -ctoglutarate <cycle de Krebs
Mis en rserve dans vsicules synaptiques
Libr par exocytose sous linfluence de la stimulation nerveuse (entre CA++)
Recapture par terminaisons neuronales ou par astrocytes
Chapitre 7
4 types de rcepteurs:
NMDA, AMPA, kainate = rc ionotropes permables aux cations:
Na+, Ca++ et K+
Rc mtabotropes (coupls aux protines G)
NMDA = N-mthyl-D-aspartate
AMPA = -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
Le rcepteur NMDA
Ex: AP-V
Ex: PCP
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
Exemple de LTP
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
Rappel Chapitre 2
NO
Chapitre 7
LTP ou LTD
short burst of
stimuli at high
frequency
long train of
stimuli at low
frequency
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
Physiopathologie :
excitotoxicit < stroke ou traumatismes crniens: libration
excessive Glu excs Ca++ mort cellulaire par
activation protases, formation radicaux libres et
peroxidation lipidique
hyperexcitabilit lors des crises dpilepsie
Implication dans tiologie maladie Alzheimer
Rappel chapitre 6
A danse macabre: tau and Fyn in STEP with amyloid beta to facilitate induction of synaptic depression
and excitotoxicity J Boehm
Eur J Neuroscience Special Issue: NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE vol 37, 12, 2013
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
thalamus
Rappel Chapitre 6
Abstract
Glutamate = primary excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. Disturbances in
glutamate-mediated neurotransmission have been increasingly documented in a
range of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, substance abuse,
mood disorders,
Chapitre 7
PCP Phencyclidine
Chapitre 7
Effets pharmacologiques
Effets psychiques:
faibles doses (1-5mg): ivresse , euphorie, relaxation, dtachement du rel,
distorsions spatio-temporelles, dpersonnalisation.
forte dose: confusion, paranoa, agressivit, catalepsie, coma
bad trip et flashback possibles
"high" dure 4-6 h puis priode prolonge de "coming down
Effets physiques: stimulation OS: hypertension, tachycardie, hyperthermie
Usage chronique: troubles de mmoire, modifications personnalit, dpression
Mode daction
Forte affinit pour site PCP (en relation avec rcepteur NMDA)
Blocage recapture de DA (stimulation du circuit de rcompense) et de NA
Tolerance et dpendance physique
Tolrance: oui
Dpendance psychique et physique
Chapitre 7
Ketamine (KETALAR)
Chapitre 7
Effets pharmacologiques
Toxicit:
Chapitre 7
Chapitre 7
Abstract
.. recent clinical and basic research support the therapeutic utility of
ketamine as a rapid-acting, life-saving antidepressant and a versatile
analgesic.
After 50 years of use as a dissociative anesthetic and misuse as a street drug,
ketamine has re-emerged as a useful off-label agent for ameliorating various
types of pain and resistant depression.
In addition to its ability to inhibit NMDA receptors, the diverse actions of
ketamine might involve epigenetic mechanisms such as microRNA regulation.
ketamine is transitioning from being the pharmacologist's nightmare to one of
the most interesting developments in the pharmacology of depression and pain
Chapitre 7
NMDA antagonists under investigation for the treatment of major depressive
disorder.
Pochwat et al - In Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2014 Sep;23(9):1181-92
Abstract
Mood disorders, including depression, are becoming increasingly prevalent in the developed
world. Therapies mainly influencing the serotonergic and adrenergic systems are considered
insufficient.
This review highlights the recent clinical evidence for the use of NMDA receptor antagonists as
antidepressants. Furthermore, the authors present the mechanism(s) of antidepressant action
derived mostly from preclinical paradigms.
Currently, clinical studies mostly use ketamine (a noncompetitive high-potency NMDA
antagonist) as an agent for rapid relief of depressive symptoms.
However, due to the ketamine-induced psychotomimetic effects, new NMDA receptor
antagonists (modulators) are continuously being introduced for rapid antidepressant action,
especially for use in treatment-resistant patients. Recent clinical reports are optimistic but
await further support.
Chapitre 7
Anxiolytic effects of ketamine in animal models of posttraumatic stress
disorder
Zhang et al Psychopharmacology 2014 - 10.1007/s00213-014-3697-9
This study investigated effectiveness of ketamine in alleviating the enhanced anxiety and
fear response in both a mouse and a rat model of PTSD
1) effect of ketamine on behavioral deficits in mouse model of PTSD that consisted of foot
shocks followed by 3 situational remindersthe aversive procedure induced several
behavioral deficiencies: increased freezing behavior and anxiety, as well as reduced time
spent in an aversive-like contextthese were reversed by repeated treatment with
ketamine.
2) effect of ketamine on behavioral changes in rats after exposure to TDS (time-dependant
sensitization to stressful situations) + measurement of BDNF in hippocampus rats showed
significant increase in contextual freezing and decrease in % time spent in and numbers of
entries into open arms in elevated plus maze test. As positive control drug, the SSRI
sertraline ameliorated these behavioral deficits effects mimicked by chronic ketamine
treatment. Furthermore, ketamine normalized the decreased BDNF level in the
hippocampus in post-TDS rats.
ketamine exerts a therapeutic effect on PTSD that might be mediated by an influence on
BDNF signaling in hippocampus.