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Kinetic theory.
Forces between atoms, ions and molecules.
Colligative properties. Vapor pressure and enthalpy. Boiling
and freezing.
Phase equilibrium.
Boyles Law
Hyperbolic Relation Between Pressure and Volume
T1 T T
2
3
T3 >T2>T1
isotherms
p
V
p V Diagram
(courtesy F. Remer)
Charles Law
Linear Relation Between Temperature and Pressure
V1 <V2 <V3
V1
isochors
V2
V3
100
200
T (K)
P T Diagram
300
(courtesy F. Remer)
PV= nRT = m RT
M
PM =m RT = d RT
V
PM= dRT
Question 2:
If a helium balloon 1 m in
diameter is released at sea
level will it expand or shrink
why?
nA
XA
, ni moles of i
nA nB ... nZ
Pi
X
1 X
PA PB ....
X B ...
As gas bubbles through water, water vapor gets into the gas so
the total pressure inside the bottle includes the partial pressure
of the water vapor.
Temperatur e (o C)
0
20
30
17.54
31.82
40
100
55.32
760.0
Vapor pressure of
water at various
temperatures.
or
Maxwell distribution :
In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell (1831 1879) worked out a formula for
the most probable distribution of speeds in a gas .
Molecules in a gas sample
move at a variety of speeds . speed of
each molecule constantly changing
due to countless collisions(about 1
billion per second for each molecule).
At low temperature most molecules
move close to the average speed , at
higher temperature there is greater
distribution of speeds.
Non-Ideal Gas
Violates Assumptions
Volume of molecules
Attractive forces of molecules
(courtesy F. Remer)
James Bradey
Deviation from ideal
gas law. A plot of
PV/T versus P for an
ideal gas is a straight
line. The same plot
for oxygen is not a
straight line.
Pmeasured
n2a
V
2
measured
n2a
V
2
measured
Vmeasured nb nRT
Substance
Helium, He
Neon, Ne
Hydrogen, H 2
a
b
L2 atm mol 2 L mol 1
0.03421
0.02370
0.2107
0.02444
0.01709
0.02661
Ammonia, NH 3
4.170
0.03707
Water, H 2 O
5.464
0.03049
Temperature Scale