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ANDof FOUNDATIONS
Design
simple column square footing
Design
Design
Design
Design
of
of
of
of
JAYARAM D K
FOUNDATION
The
GL
Types of Foundations
Shallow
Foundations
If the depth of the foundation is
equal to or less than its width the
foundation is classified as shallow
foundation
(i) Wall Footing
(ii)Column or Isolated Footing
(iii)Combined Footing
(iv)Mat Footing
Deep
foundation
Types of Soil
Safe Bearing
Capacity of soil
( KN/m2)
350
200
200
200
350
450
650
900
1100
2750
Solution:
Load on the column = 1250 KN
Approximate weight of foundation =
125 KN
( take 10 % of total weight)
Total load = load on the column +
approximate weight of the column.
= 1250 + 125 = 1375 KN
Minimum depth of
2
the foundation = (p/){(1-sin)/(1+sin )}
= (120/18) {(1-sin30)/(1+sin30)}2
= 0.75 m.
WALL FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
STRAP FOOTING
CONTINUOUS FOOTING
RAFT FOOTING
WELL FOOTING
PILE FOOTING
Breadth of foundation
B = (7.333) = 2.71 say 2.75 m
So the area of the foundation is 2.75 X 2.75 m
Net upward pressure = load on the column / area of
the footing
= 1500000/(2.75 X 2.75)
= 198347.11 N/m2.
Depth of the foundation =
Minimum depth of the foundation
= (p/r){(1-sin)/(1+sin )}2
= (225/18) {(1-sin30)/(1+sin30)}2
= 1.4 m
Ast = Pt X b x d
= (0.47/100) x 500 x 822 = 1932 mm2
No of bar =Total area/ area of one bar
= 1932/ (3.14/4)x12
Assume 12 mm dia bars so provide 18 bars
of 12 mm diameter.
Here the column is square so provide the
same reinforcement on both the directions.
Area = 4.4
BL = 4.4
B= 4.4 /L
Equating the projections on both sides
beyond the footing
( B-0.4) = (L-0.6)
Sub B Value
( {4.4/L}-0.4) = (L-0.6)
P
P
1
q s 2 1.3cN c D( N q 1) RW 1 0.4BN RW 2
D
A B
F
B = 1.21 m
Nc
Nq
35o
57.8
41.4
42.4
40o
95.7
81.3
100.4
6o
Strip Footing
q n cN c D ( N q 1) 0.5BN
qn = 2148.33 kPa
q n 1.3cN c D( N q 1) 0.4BN
Square Footing
qn = 1994.43 kPa
P
P
1
q s 2 1.3cN c D( N q 1) RW 1 0.4BN RW 2
D
A B
F
q s 400 cN c D( N q 1) RW 1 0.5BN RW 2
1
D
F
Combined footing
Whenever two or more columns in a straight line
are carried on a single spread footing, it is called
a combined footing. Isolated footings for each
column are generally the economical.
Combined footings are provided only when it is
absolutely necessary, as
1.When two columns are close together, causing
overlap of adjacent isolated footings
2.Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing
overlap of adjacent isolated footings
3.Proximity of building line or existing building or
sewer, adjacent to a building column
1. Slab type
3. Strap type
53
Design Steps
Locate the point of application of the
column
loads on the footing.
Proportion the footing such that the
resultant of loads passes through the
center of footing.
Compute the area of footing such
that the allowable soil pressure is not
exceeded.
Calculate the shear forces and
bending moments at the salient
points and hence draw SFD and BMD.
Fix the depth of footing from the
maximum bending moment.
65
Calculate the transverse bending
Solution: Data
fck = 25 Nlmm2,
fy= 250 N/mm2,
fb = l30 kN/m2 (SBC),
Column A = 350 mm x 350 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
c/c spacing of columns = 4.6 m,
PA = 700 kN and PB = 1000 kN
Required: To design combined footing with
central beam joining the two columns.
Ultimate loads
67
700 kN
1000 kN
a=900
C
4600 mm
A
b=1700
B
pu=177 kN/m2
wu=354 kN/m
Combined footing with loads
70
1.Definitions
Bearing capacity is the power of foundation
soil to hold the forces from the superstructure
without undergoing shear failure or excessive
settlement. Foundation soil is that portion of
ground which is subjected to additional
stresses when foundation and superstructure
are constructed on the ground. The following
are a few important terminologies related to
bearing capacity of soil.
Local/Punching Shear
Failure
in
large
strain
(>20%)
Failure pattern well defined Failure pattern not well
& clear
Bulging
defined
formed
in
at
the
Observed
in
shallow Observed
foundations
Failure
disturbance
is
catastrophic
in
foundations
sudden
deep
Assumptions
Soil is homogeneous and Isotropic.
The shear strength of soil is represented
by Mohr Coulombs Criteria.
The footing is of strip footing type with
rough base. It is essentially a two
dimensional plane strain problem.
Elastic zone has straight boundaries
inclined at an angle equal to to the
horizontal.
Limitations
The theory is applicable to shallow
foundations
As the soil compresses, increases
which is not considered. Hence fully
plastic zone may not develop at the
assumed .
All points need not experience limit
equilibrium condition at different loads.
Method of superstition is not
acceptable in plastic conditions as the
ground is near failure zone.
q f cN c DN q 0.5BN
If the ground is subjected to additional surcharge load q, then
q f cN c (D q) N q 0.5BN
Net ultimate bearing capacity,
q n cN c DN q 0.5BN D
q n cN c D ( N q 1) 0.5BN
1
qs cN c D( N q 1) 0.5BN
D
F
Here,
Circular footing
q f 1.3cN c DN q 0.3BN
Square footing
q f 1.3cN c DN q 0.4BN
Rectangular footing
B
B
q f (1 0.3 )cN c DN q (1 0.2 )0.5BN
L
L
88
RETAINING WALL
Retaining walls are usually
built to hold back soil mass.
However, retaining walls can
also be constructed for
aesthetic
landscaping
purposes.
GL2
BACK
SOIL
GL1
89
Batter
Drainage Hole
Toe
90
Photos of Retaining
walls
91
Classification of
Retaining walls
Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain
concrete
Cantilever retaining wall-RCC
(Inverted T and L)
Counterfort retaining wall-RCC
Buttress wall-RCC
92
Classification of Retaining
walls
Backfill
Tile
drain
Gravity RW
Backfill
L-Shaped RW
T-Shaped RW
Backfill
Counterfort
Counterfort RW
Buttress
Weep
hole
Buttress RW
93
GL
Pa
94
95
GL
h
H
Pa
GL
M
kaH
H=stem height
96
pressure
repose
GL
ka =
Where =Angle of
surcharge
Total pressure at bottom
=Pa= ka H2/2
98
Stability requirements of RW
99
= Resisting force to
sliding/
Horizontal force
causing
sliding
= W/Pa 1.55
(=1.4/0.9)
1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa
Friction W
SLIDING OF WALL
101
x1
x2
W4
W1
W2
Pa
R
W3
T
x
b/6
b
Pmax
H/3
b/2
Pmin.
Depth of foundation
Rankines formula:
Df =
Df
104
Preliminary Proportioning
(T
shaped
wall)
Stem: Top width 200 mm to
400 mm
Base slab width b= 0.4H to
0.6H, 0.6H to 0.75H for
surcharged wall
Base slab thickness= H/10 to
H/14
Toe projection= (1/3-1/4)
Base width
200
tp= (1/3-1/4)b
H/10
H/14
b= 0.4H to 0.6H
105
Design of Cantilever RW
Stem, toe and heel acts as cantilever slabs
Stem design: Mu=psf (ka H3/6)
Determine the depth d from Mu = Mu,
2
lim=Qbd
Design as balanced section or URS and
find steel
Mu=0.87 fy Ast[d-fyAst/(fckb)]
106
Curtailment of bars
Effective depth (d) is
Proportional to h
Dist.
from
top
h1
Ast/2
h2
Bending moment is
Every
3
proportional
to
h
alternate
h1c
bar cut
Ldt
Ast
h2
Ast/2
Ast
Provided
Ast1 h12
i.e.
2
Ast 2 h2
Ast
Cross section
Curtailment curve
107
2.
3.
4.
5.
108
Cantilever RW design
Design a cantilever retaining wall (T type) to retain earth for a
height of 4m. The backfill is horizontal. The density of soil is
18kN/m3. Safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m 2. Take the
co-efficient of friction between concrete and soil as 0.6. The
angle of repose is 30. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
Solution
Data: h' = 4m, SBC= 200 kN/m 2, = 18 kN/m3, =0.6, =30
109
Depth of foundation
To fix the height of retaining
wall [H]
H= h' +Df
Depth of foundation
Df =
200
h1
Df
b
110
Proportioning of
Thicknesswall
of base slab=(1/10
200
to1/14)H
0.52m to 0.43m, say 450 mm
Width of base slab=b = (0.5 to
0.6) H
2.6m to 3.12m say 3m
Toe projection= pj= (1/3 to )H
1m to 0.75m say 0.75m
Provide 450 mm thickness for
the stem at the base and 200
H=5200 mm
tp= 750 mm
450
b= 3000 mm
111
Design of stem
Ph= x 1/3 x 18 x 4.752=67.68 kN
M = Ph h/3 = 0.333 x 18 x 4.753/6
= 107.1 kN-m
Mu= 1.5 x M = 160.6 kN-m
h
P
Taking 1m length of wall,
Mu/bd2= 1.004 < 2.76, URS
M
(Here d=450- eff. Cover=450-50=400
D
mm)
k h
To find steel
Pt=0.295% <0.96%
3
Or
M
=
[k
H
]/6
2
u
a
Ast= 0.295x1000x400/100 = 1180 mm
#12 @ 90 < 300 mm and 3d ok
112
a
Curtailment of bars-Stem
Curtail 50% steel from
top
(h1/h2)2 = 50%/100%=
(h1/4.75)2 = , h1 =
3.36m
Actual point of cutoff
= 3.36-Ld=3.36-47 bar
= 3.36-0.564 = 2.74m
from top.
Spacing of bars = 180
mm c/c < 300 mm and
Dist.
from
top
h1
Ast/2
Every
alternate
bar cut
h2
h1c
Ldt
Ast
h2
Ast/2
Ast
113
Ast
Provid
ed
Design of stem-Contd.,
Development length (Stem
steel)
Ld=47 bar =47 x 12 = 564
mm
200
H=5200 mm
tp= 750 mm
450
b= 3000 mm
114
#10 @ 140
#12 @ 90
#16 @ 190
#10 @ 140
C/S OF WALL